Copyright © Wondershare Software Kiowa People 基奥瓦人

Copyright © Wondershare Software Contents ﹡ Introduction ﹡ History ﹡ Traditional Culture ﹡ Humanities

Copyright © Wondershare Software The Kiowa are a nation of American Indians and indigenous people of the Great Plains. They migrated from the northern plains to the southern plains in the late 17th century. In 1867, the Kiowa moved to a reservation in southwestern Oklahoma ( 美国俄克拉荷马州 ). Today, they are a federally recognized tribe, the Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma, with 12,000 members.

Copyright © Wondershare Software Indian Wars ﹡ Plains tribes fought for territory of hunting grounds against other tribes. ﹡ In the early spring of 1790, Kiowa party and Comanche （北美印第安人的）科曼奇族 party made an alliance and became the dominant inhabitants of the Southern Plains. ﹡ In the early 18th century the Cheyenne ( 夏延人 ) and Arapaho ( 阿拉巴霍人 ) began camping on the Arkansas River and new warfare broke out.

Copyright © Wondershare Software ﹡ After 1840 the Kiowa with their former enemies the Cheyenne, as well as their allies the Comanche and the Apache 阿帕切族（美洲印第安部族） fought and raided the Eastern natives moving into the Indian Territory.

Copyright © Wondershare Software Original Southern Plains territory of the Kiowa Nation

Copyright © Wondershare Software Transition Period The years from 1873 to 1878 marked a drastic change in Kiowa lifestyle. An agreement made with the Cherokee Commission( 切诺基 委员会 ) signed by 456 adult male Kiowa, Comanche, and Kiowa-Apache on Sept. 28, 1892, cleared the way for the opening of the country to white settlers.Cherokee Commission

Copyright © Wondershare Software 1873 the first school among the Kiowa was established by Quaker Thomas C. Battey. In 1877 the federal government built the first homes for the Indian chiefs and a plan was to employ Indians so 30 Indians were hired to form the first police force on the reservation 在 ( 印第安人 ) 居留地之内. A landmark decision and significant legal development occurred in 1998, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Indian tribes retain their sovereign immunity ( 主权豁免权 ) from suit.

Copyright © Wondershare Software Traditional Culture The Kiowa were patrilineal ( 父系的 ) with a chiefdom living in semi-sedentary structures. They were hunters and gatherers, did trade with sedentary ( 定栖的 ) tribes that grew crops. They had a yearly Sun Dance gathering and a chieftain ( 酋长；首领 ) who was considered to be the leader of the entire tribe.

Copyright © Wondershare Software Sun Dance Sun Dance is a solution of the conflict between viewing the buffalo as wise and powerful, even closer to God than humans and having to kill and eat them to survive. The sacrifice of dancers is also a way of returning something to nature.

Copyright © Wondershare Software The end of Sun Dance The government outlawed Sun Dance in Reasons: Ⅰ. Sun Dances of certain tribes were too cruel; Ⅱ. Sun Dances reflected a worldview different from the whites curbed it as a way of converting the Plains Indians.

Copyright © Wondershare Software Kiowa government was democratic. The ideal personality of the Kiowas was that of the young fearless warrior. The women gain prestige through the achievements of their husbands, sons, and fathers or through their own achievements in the arts. They took care of the camp while the men were away.

Copyright © Wondershare Software Kiowa Calendars The first calendar keeper in Kiowa tribe was Little Bluff, or Tohausan, who was the principal chief of the tribe from 1833 to That calendar is in the Smithsonian's National Anthropological Archives (NAA) 国家人类学档案. Calender of 37 months,

Copyright © Wondershare Software Ledger Art ＆ Hide Painting Early Kiowa ledger artists were those held in captivity ( 囚禁 ) by the U.S. Army at Fort Marion ( 马里恩堡垒 ), Florida (1875–1878) at the conclusion of the Red River War, which also is known as the Southern Plains Indian War. Ledger art emerges from the Plains hide painting tradition.Fort MarionRed River War

Copyright © Wondershare Software A Kiowa ledger drawing possibly depicting the Buffalo Wallow battle in 1874, a fight during the Red River War. Detail of painting by Silver Horn in1880

Copyright © Wondershare Software Kiowa Five The Kiowa Five or Kiowa Six is a group of six Kiowa artists from Oklahoma in the 20th century. They were Spencer Asah, James Auchiah, Jack Hokeah, Stephen Mopope, Lois Smoky, and Monroe Tsatoke. The "Kiowa Five" received international recognition for their work in the fine art world. They influenced generations of Indian artists among the Kiowa, and other Plains tribes.

Copyright © Wondershare Software Authors Kiowa-Cherokee author N. Scott Momaday won the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for his novel House Made of Dawn 《黎明之屋》.N. Scott MomadayPulitzer PrizeHouse Made of Dawn

Copyright © Wondershare Software Musicians and Composers Kiowa music often is noted for its hymns （赞美诗；圣诗） that traditionally were accompanied by dance or played on the flute. Noted Kiowa composer of contemporary music include James Anquoe and noted for his contributions to Native American culture. Native American flute crafted by Chief Arthur Two-Crows, 1987

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