inVentures Technologies Overview of Site Remediation Technologies Gas inFusion Systems for Groundwater Remediation Jim Begley inVentures Technologies Inc. (iTi) “Offering you the finest environmental contracting services, products & remedial technologies available” Contact: Craig Marlow 8248 Hidden Forest Drive, Holland, Ohio Phone Fax Cell Represented By:

Technologies inVentures Presentation Introduction to Gas inFusion technology Bioremediation Alternatives iSOC system design gPRO Systems for active gas infusion and enhanced NAPL recovery

Technologies inVentures iTi Gas inFusion™ Technology Mass-transfer of gasses to groundwater w/out sparging Microporous Hollow Fiber

Technologies inVentures Mass Transfer- Gas to Liquid Solubility –Driving force unique to each gas Interfacial Surface –Pathway for gas molecules to contact liquid Gas inFusion Technology Provides Large Interfacial Surface

Technologies inVentures Dissolved Gas Conditions Saturation –The condition of a liquid with the maximum possible stable quantity of a solute at a specific temperature and pressure Supersaturation –An unstable condition of a solution with a solute at a concentration exceeding saturation Gas inFusion Technology can achieve saturated and supersaturated conditions

Technologies inVentures iSOC ® Technology iSOC ® – in situ Submerged Oxygen Curtain—innovative gas delivery technology Microporous Hollow Fiber iSOC provides large interfacial surface area as a pathway for gas molecules to contact and dissolve in groundwater

Technologies inVentures iSOC Unit Gas inFusion Well Typical iSOC Well Schematic Contaminated Groundwater Treatment Zone Groundwater Flow Gas Supply Regulator and Manifold inFusion Well Screen (High Flow Screen) typically to slot width Water Table Well Sump (~ 1 ft below iSOC) Filter Valve Box Tubing Lifting Line Grout Seal Sand/Gravel Pack

Technologies inVentures iSOC System

Technologies inVentures HiSOC ® Hydrogen Gas Hose Connection

Technologies inVentures gPRO HP Active Dissolved Gas Substrate Delivery

Technologies inVentures gPRO HP w/ Oxygen Generator

Technologies inVentures Mobile gPRO HP Setup

Technologies inVentures gPRO Gas inFusion System Water Supply Gas Supply gPRO HP Modules (multiple modules in series and parallel) Injection Pump Injection Wells

Technologies inVentures Remedial Applications Passive and Active in situ bioremediation –Oxygen for aerobic treatment –Oxygen and cometabolic substrates (alkane and alkene gases) for lower chlorinated compounds, 1,4-dioxane, NDMA –Hydrogen for reductive dechlorination of chlorinated solvents, denitrification and perchlorate reduction Abiotic Geochemical Fixation of metals (H 2 and O 2 ) pH adjustment with CO 2 NAPL recovery enhancement with CO 2 Saturated Water Injection (SWI)

Technologies inVentures Bioremediation –Microbes at Work ConceptualThe Real Thing

Technologies inVentures Direct Aerobic Groundwater Bioremediation Soil microorganisms are stimulated to degrade contaminants of concern Oxygen is the preferred electron acceptor Contaminant is the food Products are biomass, carbon dioxide and water

Technologies inVentures CO 2 and energy O2O2 H2OH2O Direct Aerobic Treatment Breathing Eating Hydrocarbons solvents e.g. VC Gas

Technologies inVentures Aerobic Treatment of Petroleum in Groundwater Process requires a balanced source of macronutrients carbon:nitrogen:phosphate (C100:N10:P2) Hydrocarbon is the carbon source for energy and growth of biomass Every gram of BTEX requires 3.14 grams oxygen for complete degradation

Technologies inVentures Anaerobic dehalorespiring bacteria (Dehalococcoides ethenogenes) use H 2 as electraon donor (food) and chlorinated solvents (e.g. PCE) as an electron acceptor (breathing PCE) 20 grams of PCE can be degraded with 1 gram of H 2 Anaerobic Reductive Dechlorination

Technologies inVentures Most Oxidized Most Reduced C=C HH CL C=C HCL HH C=C CL C=C HH HH CL H

Technologies inVentures EnergyElectron donor (H 2 ) Ethene Anaerobic Reductive Dechlorination Eating Breathing PCE, TCE

Technologies inVentures Aerobic Cometabolic Oxidation of Lower Chlorinated Solvents (TCE, DCE, VC) Bacteria use a continuous supply of oxygen as the electron acceptor A cometabolic substrate (e.g. alkane gas) is supplied as a growth substrate (electron donor)

Technologies inVentures Aerobic Cometabolic Oxidation Cometabolic substrate induces the production of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of TCE, DCE and VC (lower CAHs) Bacteria gain energy from the cometabolic substrate, not from the chlorinated solvent

Technologies inVentures From EPA July 2000 Aerobic Cometabolic Treatment Eating Breathing CO 2 and energyCometabolic substrate (Alkane gas) O2O2 H2OH2O Alcohols and organic acids

inVentures Technologies Example Design iSOC Plume Biobarrier System

` Concentration Distance MW-X MW-Y iSOC Treatment Zone GW-Flow

Technologies inVentures iSOC Area of Influence and Treatment Zone

Technologies inVentures Key Design Information Site hydrogeologic data Contaminant concentration and distribution Groundwater geochemistry and nutrients Biological parameters Remedial objectives Access limitations

Technologies inVentures Site Groundwater Flow

Technologies inVentures Extent of Groundwater Contamination Source Area Receptor Stream

Technologies inVentures Problem Statement Wells containing dissolved petroleum constituents exceeding their respective RBSLs (MW-1, MW-4, MW-8, MW-11, MW-15, MW-17, and MW-19) Surface water samples from Salt Creek downgradient indicated the presence of MTBE (main concern)

Technologies inVentures Evaluation of Oxygen Demand Area and Hydrogeology

Technologies inVentures Evaluation of Oxygen Demand Aqueous and Sorbed CoCs

Technologies inVentures Evaluation of Oxygen Demand Aqueous and Sorbed CoCs

Technologies inVentures Gas Supply and Delivery Rate

Technologies inVentures Treatment Layout Orientation and spacing based on groundwater flow and oxygen demand 15 to 20 ft crossgradient spacing in two fences –4 treatment well line downgradient to protect receptor stream –5 treatment wells to address oxygen demand in the target area –Anticipated period of operation to address oxygen demand (3 years) Longer term operation required to maintain cut off without source remediation

Technologies inVentures iSOC Well Layout Proposed iSOC Treatment Wells Treatment Shed 70 feet

Technologies inVentures What about the source area? High hydrocarbon concentrations indicated the presence of possible residual hydrocarbon saturation or trapped LNAPL Alternative technologies were more appropriate for the source area in the given time frame for remediation

Technologies inVentures Example Case Study : gPRO HP Oxygen Gas inFusion and Subsurface Delivery

Technologies inVentures Field Trial Plan Field trials were designed to evaluate: Feasibility of high concentration oxygenated water injection Oxygen distribution in the subsurface (reported here) and Affects of oxygen delivery on contaminants of concern

Technologies inVentures gPRO Oxygen System inVentures Technologies gPRO HP system with oxygen generator System Constructed by Cornelsen Limited

Technologies inVentures Injection Trial System gPRO 4-module system oxygenating municipal water supply 3 injection wells in a cluster Injection depth approx 3.5 meters below land surface Sheet pile isolation of test lane Groundwater flow parallel to lane

Technologies inVentures Field Trial Test Lane Injection WellsMonitoring Wells Lane C Groundwater Flow

Technologies inVentures gPRO Operation and Monitoring Data

Technologies inVentures Initial Oxygen Distribution 2/08 >2 mg/L

Technologies inVentures Peak Oxygen Distribution 4/14/08 >6 mg/L >12 mg/L >18 mg/L

Technologies inVentures NAPL Source Zone Remediation utilizing Supersaturated Water Injection (SWI) Gas inFusion™ Technology

Technologies inVentures Enhancement of NAPL Recovery With SWI Water is supersaturated with CO 2 in the gPRO HP System Supersaturated (carbonated) water is injected into the aquifer in and below the NAPL zone CO 2 bubbles nucleate in the aquifer Hydrocarbons volatilize into CO 2

Technologies inVentures Enhancement of NAPL Recovery NAPL coats the gas bubble and is mobilized up for non-aqueous phase extraction Trapped NAPL ganglia are displaced by CO 2 and mobilized for non-aqueous phase extraction Groundwater, NAPL and soil vapor are removed through dual phase extraction wells

Technologies inVentures Mechanisms Technology : Mechanisms Spontaneous spreading of NAPL over water in the presence of gas and the subsequent transfer of volatile NAPL constituents into the growing gas bubbles

Technologies inVentures Upward mobilization of NAPL contacted by gas phase carbon dioxide Mechanisms Technology : Mechanisms

Technologies inVentures Proof of concept in the lab: In situ gas saturation development and rate of gas evolution Water outlet and level control V g1 V g2 V g3 VwVw Bubble flow meter Injection Supersaturated water, C Saturated porous medium Production

Technologies inVentures 60 min54 min52 min41 min36 min33 min31 min28 min26 min24 min21 min17 min12 min9 min6 min4 min1 min10 sec 0 min Gas evolution during SWI: Experiment

Technologies inVentures In situ gas evolution in the presence of impermeable barriers SWI

Technologies inVentures Recovery of residual hexane by SWI Volatile NAPL is removed by gas evolution

Technologies inVentures 7 Saturated Zone Unsaturated Zone gPRO HP SWI well Multiphase extraction well Field Application Contaminated Zone/Trapped NAPL Induced Flow

Technologies inVentures Design Considerations for Selection of iSOC and gPRO Systems iSOC for enhanced natural attenuation and passive plume cut off biobarriers –Lower substrate mass requirements –Broad range of geologic conditions gPRO systems for active high mass substrate delivery –High substrate demand or NAPL recovery –Geologic conditions suitable for extraction and reinjection –Enhance ETR systems and targeted source area/hot spot treatment

Technologies inVentures Questions? Jim Begley inVentures/MT Environmental Restoration

Technologies inVentures “Offering you the finest environmental contracting services, products & remedial technologies available” Craig Marlow 8248 Hidden Forest Drive, Holland, Ohio Phone Fax Cell Contact: