Section III: North American Groups (Pages ) This section is about: This section is about: How the varied climates and environments of North America influenced the development of distinct regional cultures in the western and eastern regions. How the varied climates and environments of North America influenced the development of distinct regional cultures in the western and eastern regions.

There were many different kinds of Native Americans There were many different kinds of Native Americans Our book splits them up into Western and Eastern groups Our book splits them up into Western and Eastern groups Page 213 of your book splits them up a little differently. Page 213 of your book splits them up a little differently. Others split them up several ways, but the important thing to remember is in the Main Ideas on page 212 (A) Others split them up several ways, but the important thing to remember is in the Main Ideas on page 212 (A)

The Native Americans in North America were a lot different than those in Central and South America No unified empires, no cities, and no palaces. No unified empires, no cities, and no palaces. They hunted, gathered, farmed, and traded with each other. They hunted, gathered, farmed, and traded with each other. Had a wide variety of cultures, languages, styles of dress and architecture, and beliefs. Had a wide variety of cultures, languages, styles of dress and architecture, and beliefs. The big thing is: they didn’t try to control their environment – they adapted to it (adjusted) The big thing is: they didn’t try to control their environment – they adapted to it (adjusted)

Thick forests, hilly, and rocky with four distinct seasons Warm and humidFlat and covered with grass (few trees) with cold winters and hot summers Forests, cool, with a long rainy season Dry and Hot Most of North America gets enough rain: good for farming and supporting animals Also has a great system of rivers (Ohio / Mississippi / Missouri) for travel and trade

Western Native Americans The Aleuts, Yupiks, and Inuits Lived in today’s northern Canada and Alaska Lived in today’s northern Canada and Alaska Hunted seals, walruses, whales, polar bears, caribou, foxes (too cold to farm) Hunted seals, walruses, whales, polar bears, caribou, foxes (too cold to farm) Used furs for clothing and blankets. Used furs for clothing and blankets. Tools, weapons, tents and boats (kayaks) from animal parts Tools, weapons, tents and boats (kayaks) from animal parts

Northwest Native Americans Easier life than up north Easier life than up north Rivers and oceans full of fish and forests full of food. Rivers and oceans full of fish and forests full of food. Traded a lot Traded a lot Had a ceremony called a potlach: the host would claim certain rights (like possessions of a dead relative), the guests would act as witnesses, the host would give them a huge feast (and give them costly gifts). Had a ceremony called a potlach: the host would claim certain rights (like possessions of a dead relative), the guests would act as witnesses, the host would give them a huge feast (and give them costly gifts).

The Anasazi Settled near “the four corners.” Settled near “the four corners.” Were able to grow some food, but produced a lot of pottery, baskets, and cloth. Were able to grow some food, but produced a lot of pottery, baskets, and cloth. Lived in pueblos (adobe brick homes) that were “temperature controlled” Lived in pueblos (adobe brick homes) that were “temperature controlled” They look a lot like some modern apartment buildings They look a lot like some modern apartment buildings Mesa Verde is one of their more famous settlements. Mesa Verde is one of their more famous settlements. They moved near the Rio Grande in 1300 AD: their descendants are the Pueblos They moved near the Rio Grande in 1300 AD: their descendants are the Pueblos

The Pueblos Not really one people – more of a group of Native Americans that shared many of the same characteristics. Not really one people – more of a group of Native Americans that shared many of the same characteristics. Religion is based on praying for a good harvest (in dry area). Religion is based on praying for a good harvest (in dry area). Kachinas (ancestor spirits) return to the earth as plants, animals, or people who have power to heal the sick and bring rain. Kachinas (ancestor spirits) return to the earth as plants, animals, or people who have power to heal the sick and bring rain. Farming got easier after they moved near the Rio Grande. Farming got easier after they moved near the Rio Grande. Pueblos today are well-known for their pottery skills. Pueblos today are well-known for their pottery skills. Kachina Dance

Navajos / Apaches Navajo means: large planted field. Navajo means: large planted field. About 1000 years ago, their ancestors came from Canada and split into the 2 groups About 1000 years ago, their ancestors came from Canada and split into the 2 groups They settled where the Anasazi had left (from the Four Corners to Texas). They settled where the Anasazi had left (from the Four Corners to Texas). Growing food was tough, so they mostly hunted (buffalo, deer, and rabbit). Growing food was tough, so they mostly hunted (buffalo, deer, and rabbit). Nothing was ever wasted. Nothing was ever wasted. This wasn’t always enough to survive, so they often raided other people – stealing food, livestock, and supplies. This wasn’t always enough to survive, so they often raided other people – stealing food, livestock, and supplies. For Apaches: courage and bravery in making a raid was highly valued For Apaches: courage and bravery in making a raid was highly valued

Eastern Native Americans The Mound Builders From the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys (starting about 300 years ago) From the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys (starting about 300 years ago) Each time someone was buried (usually a leader), they added them to the mound. Each time someone was buried (usually a leader), they added them to the mound. Two kinds: temple mounds and burial mounds - all different sizes and shapes Two kinds: temple mounds and burial mounds - all different sizes and shapes The Mississippian people built temple mounds. Some are even a pyramid shape. The Mississippian people built temple mounds. Some are even a pyramid shape. These people disappeared about the 1600’s: either crop failures or wars These people disappeared about the 1600’s: either crop failures or wars

The Iroquois (and the Hurons) Lived where New York is now – and didn’t always get along Lived where New York is now – and didn’t always get along Lived according to the seasons: spring planting / fall harvesting (and settling yearly disputes). Lived according to the seasons: spring planting / fall harvesting (and settling yearly disputes). It got cold in winter – so they built longhouses – with many families living in each It got cold in winter – so they built longhouses – with many families living in each All people worked to provide food – fishing, gathering, hunting, and farming All people worked to provide food – fishing, gathering, hunting, and farming Family groups cooperated, but they argued so much among different tribes, they formed a group to settle disputes (The Iroquois Confederacy) Family groups cooperated, but they argued so much among different tribes, they formed a group to settle disputes (The Iroquois Confederacy)

The Iroquois Confederacy Hiawatha (Iroquois) and Dekanawidah (Huron) wanted to bring peace to their people. Hiawatha (Iroquois) and Dekanawidah (Huron) wanted to bring peace to their people. They formed a group made up of the 5 Iroquois Nations who all shared the same language and traditions (Mohawks/Senecas/Onondagas/Oneids/Cuyagas) They formed a group made up of the 5 Iroquois Nations who all shared the same language and traditions (Mohawks/Senecas/Onondagas/Oneids/Cuyagas) Each nation had its own council – headed by a chief called a sachem Each nation had its own council – headed by a chief called a sachem Their most important duty was to maintain peace between the 5 tribes Their most important duty was to maintain peace between the 5 tribes All decisions were to based on the welfare of the people. All decisions were to based on the welfare of the people.