Chapter 1 The Study of Life Lecture Outline See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

planet Earth mushroom on northern forest floor male peacock displaying feathers humans in a city giant sequoia Masai giraffes monarch butterfly feeding on nectar (sequoia): © Robert Glusic/Getty RF; (mushroom): © IT Stock/Age Fotostock RF; (peacock): © Brand X Pictures/PunchStock RF; (humans): © Heath Korvola/UpperCut Images/Getty RF; (giraffes): © Dr. Sylvia S. Mader; (butterfly): © Creatas/PunchStock RF; (Earth): © Ingram Publishing/Alamy RF

1.1 The Characteristics of Life Life exists almost everywhere on the planet Earth. Earth possesses a great variety of diverse life forms. All living things have certain characteristics in common.

Living Things: Are organized Acquire materials and energy Reproduce Respond to stimuli Are homeostatic Grow and develop Have the capacity to adapt

Living things are organized in a hierarchy of levels. A cell is the smallest unit of life. A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a particular function. Several tissues join together to form an organ. Organs work together to form an organ system. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. nerve cellplant cell nerve tissue tree Organisms Organ Systems organ system Organs Tissues Cells human leaf tissues Atoms Molecules leafbrain DNA molecule

Living things need an outside source of materials and energy to maintain their organization and carry on life’s other activities. Energy – capacity to do work

Growth – increase is size or number of cells Development – changes that take place from conception to death

1.2 The Classification of Living Things Living organisms are assigned to groups based upon their similarities. Systematics is the discipline of identifying and classifying organisms.

Domains Domains are the largest classification category. Biologists assign organisms to one of three domains based on biochemical and genetic evidence. Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bounded nucleus. Eukaryotes have a membrane-bounded nucleus.

Domain Archaea Archaea are unicellular prokaryotes. Archaea can be found in environments that are too hostile for other life forms.

Domain Bacteria Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes. Bacteria are found almost everywhere on the planet Earth. Some bacteria cause disease but many are beneficial.

Domain Eukarya The cells of all eukaryotes have a membrane- bound nucleus. Members of the Domain Eukarya are further categorized into one of four Kingdoms. Kingdom Protista – may be several kingdoms Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

Representative Organisms black bread moldyeastmushroombracket fungus sea starearthwormfinchraccoon mossfernpine tree parameciumeuglenoidslime molddinoflagellate Kingdom OrganizationType of Nutrition Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Absorb food Ingest food c. Eukaryotes are divided into four kingdoms. DOMAIN EUKARYA Complex single cell, some multicellular Some unicellular, most multicellular filamentous forms with specialized complex cells Multicellular form with specialized complex cells Multicellular form with specialized complex cells Absorb, photosynthesize, or ingest food Photosynthesize food nonwoody flowering plant Protozoans, algae, water molds, and slime molds Molds, yeasts, and mushrooms Mosses, ferns, nonwoody and woody flowering plants Invertebrates, fishes, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Representative Organisms black bread moldyeastmushroombracket fungus sea starearthwormfinchraccoon mossfernpine tree parameciumeuglenoidslime molddinoflagellate Kingdom OrganizationType of Nutrition Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Absorb food Ingest food Methanosarcina mazei 1.6  m1.5  m DOMAIN BACTERIA Escherichia coli a.Archaea are capable of living in extreme environments.b. Bacteria are found nearly everywhere. c. Eukaryotes are divided into four kingdoms. DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN EUKARYA Complex single cell, some multicellular Some unicellular, most multicellular filamentous forms with specialized complex cells Multicellular form with specialized complex cells Multicellular form with specialized complex cells Absorb, photosynthesize, or ingest food Photosynthesize food nonwoody flowering plant Protozoans, algae, water molds, and slime molds Molds, yeasts, and mushrooms Mosses, ferns, nonwoody and woody flowering plants Invertebrates, fishes, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals (bacteria): © A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (archaean): © Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited

Categories of Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Least inclusive Most inclusive

Categories of Classification

Scientific Names Taxonomy is the assignment of a binomial to each species. Binomial (two name) –Genus name, species name –Genus capitalized, both words in italics –Examples: »Homo sapiens »Pisum sativum »Felis domesticus

1.3 The Organization of the Biosphere Biosphere –The zone of air, land, and water at the surface of the Earth where living organisms are found. Population –All the members of a species within a particular area Community –All the different populations in the same area

1.3 The Organization of the Biosphere Ecosystem –C ommunity interact among themselves and with the physical environment (soil, atmosphere, etc.) –Characterized by Chemical cycling – chemicals move from 1 species to another Energy flow – energy flows from the sun, through plants, through the food chain

heat Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical cycling heat Energy flow WASTE MATERIAL,DEATH, AND DECOMPOSITION solar energy

Climate largely determines where different ecosystems are found around the globe The two most biologically diverse ecosystems— tropical rain forests and coral reefs—occur where solar energy is most abundant.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. detritus phytoplankton corals sponges white shark bar jack queen angelfish parrotfish surgeonfish sea grass great barracuda attached algae green moray yellowtail snapper Spanish hogfish yellow jack sea star Bermuda chub yellowtail damselfish foureye butterfly fish sea urchin zooplankton spiny lobster

The Human Species The human species tends to modify existing ecosystems for its own purposes. Tropical rain forests and coral reefs are severely threatened as global human population increases. Human begins depends on healthy ecosystems for food, medicine, and raw materials.

Biodiversity Ecompasses –Total number of species –The variability in their genes –The ecosystems in which they live As many as 5-30 million species on Earth Human activities cause the extinction of about 400 species per day.

1.4 The Process of Science Biology is the scientific study of life. Biologists—and all scientists—generally test hypotheses using the scientific method.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Observation Hypothesis Experiment/Observations New observations are made, and previous data are studied. Input from various sources is used to formulate a testable statement. The hypothesis is tested by experiment or further observations. Many experiments and observations support a theory. Scientific Theory Conclusion The results are analyzed, and the hypothesis is supported or rejected. Courtesy Leica Microsystems, Inc.

The Process of Science Inductive reasoning occurs whenever a person uses creative thinking to combine isolated f –A scientist comes up with a hypothesis, a tentative explanation for the natural event. acts into a cohesive whole. To determine how to test a hypothesis, a scientist uses deductive reasoning. –Involves “if, then” logic

Scientific theory Concepts that join together well-supported and related hypotheses. In science, a theory is supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and data. –Examples – Cell, homeostasis, gene, ecosystem, and evolution The theory of evolution is the unifying concept of biology.

A Controlled Study Experiments in controlled studies have two types of groups: Control Group – receives no treatment Experimental Group – receives treatment

The Experiment HYPOTHESIS: A pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation will cause winter wheat production to increase as well as or better than the use of nitrogen fertilizer. PREDICTION: Wheat production (biomass) following the growth of pigeon peas will surpass wheat biomass following nitrogen fertilizer treatment.

90 kg of nitrogen/haPigeon pea/winter wheat rotation Control pot no fertilization treatment Test pot 45 kg of nitrogen/ha a. Control pot and three types of test pots Test pot Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Courtesy Jim Bidlack

Control – no fertilization treatment Tests –Winter wheat in soil treated with nitrogen fertilizer (45kg/ha) –Winter wheat in soil treated with nitrogen fertilizer (90kg/ha) –Pigeon pea plants tilled into soil and then winter wheat planted All other conditions the same in all pots

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b. Results year 1year 2year 3 = no fertilization treatment = 45 kg of nitrogen/ha Control Pots = 90 kg of nitrogen/ha = Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation Wheat Biomass (grams/pot) 15 Test Pots

90 kg of nitrogen/haPigeon pea/winter wheat rotation Control pot no fertilization treatment Test pot 45 kg of nitrogen/ha b. Results year 1year 2year 3 = no fertilization treatment = 45 kg of nitrogen/ha Control Pots = 90 kg of nitrogen/ha = Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation Wheat Biomass (grams/pot) 15 a. Control pot and three types of test pots Test pot Test Pots Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Courtesy Jim Bidlack

The Experiment Conclusion: The hypothesis was supported. At the end of two years, the yield of winter wheat following a pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation was better than for the other type pots.

1.5 Science and Social Responsibility Technology is the application of knowledge for a practical purpose. Technology has both benefits and drawbacks. Ethical and moral issues surrounding the use of technology must be decided by everyone. –Responsibility for how to use scientific technology must reside with people from all walks of life, not with scientists alone