Agenda Bell ringer Review comparative essay India (through Buddhism) Closure Indian Mathematics

Review What was the organization of Han imperial government? What was the organization of Han society? What were the major Han accomplishments? What were the causes of the fall of the Han?

Unit 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (600 B.C.E. – 600 C.E.)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: FOUNDATIONS OF INDIAN CIVILIZATION (1500 BCE-300 BCE)

Objectives Assess how key geographic features of India affected its development. Identify the significance of the Vedic Age. Describe how the system of classes and castes regulated interaction and how they were linked to reincarnation. Describe how Jainism and Buddhism challenged Brahmin domination. Describe the differences between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism.

Essential Questions How did key geographic features of India affect its development? Why was the Vedic Age important? How did the system of classes and castes regulate interaction? How were they linked to reincarnation? How did Jainism and Buddhism challenge Brahmin domination? What are the differences between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism?

Where is India?

Target: Geography Subcontinent – Hindu Kush and Himalaya Mountains – Indus and Ganges Rivers – Thar Desert – Deccan Plateau Monsoons - seasonal wind that brings hot dry air in winter and wet weather in summer Ocean has not been a barrier to travel and trade

Target: The Vedic Age ( BCE) Vedas – religious texts Indo-Europeans migrated into northwest India (c BCE) Herded cattle, no central authority Patriarchal, warrior class Some groups migrated to the Ganges Plain (after 1000 BCE)

Warfare between the Aryans and the Dasas (dark-skinned speakers of Dravidian languages) – Development of social classes based on varna (“color”) – Classes further divided into jati (birth groups, castes)

Untouchables Dhoba – washes clothes of villagers, polluted – touching used, dirty clothes, refuse to touch bhangi clothes Chamars – leather workers, mainly farm hands Dhanuk – farmhands, women – village midwives, contact with baby and mother pollutes, more physical freedom Bhangi – worst, strictly untouchable, toilet cleaners, women go into homes and clean toilets and drains, men traveled roads and open spaces cleaning waste, messenger of bad news (death), during feasts – collect and eat scraps, extra helpers during times of harvest

Class and caste systems came to be connected to reincarnation – Atman (immortal essence) born into another body at death – New body depended on dharma (deeds) and karma (actions) of the atman in previous reincarnations

Vedic religion – Sacrifice sustained the gods – Brahmins held much power. Women played a role in religion and could own property.

Target: Jainism 700 BCE – reaction against Brahmin power – Some retreated to forests – Alternate path to salvation – individual pursuit of insight – Distancing from desire could result in moksha – escape from cycle of reincarnation and union with the universe

Jainism – Mahavira ( BCE) known to followers as Jina (“the Conqueror”) – All living creatures have a holy life force – Nonviolence – Many eventually starved to death

Target: Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama Meditated under tree to search for meaning of life – Wanted to find a way to end suffering Called Buddha (“Enlightened One”)

p. 185

4 Noble Truths 1. All life is suffering 2. Suffering is caused by desire for things that are illusions 3. The way to eliminate suffering is to eliminate desire 4. Following the Eightfold Path will help people overcome desire

Eightfold Path 1. Right views 2. Right intentions 3. Right speech 4. Right conduct 5. Right livelihood 6. Right effort 7. Right mindfulness 8. Right meditation

Denies the usefulness of gods Ultimate goal: Nirvana Spread through Central, Southeast, and East Asia – Monasteries, monks, nuns – Bodhisattvas – achieved enlightenment, chose to help others

p. 184

Division between Mahayana Buddhism and Theravada Buddhism

Essential Questions How did key geographic features of India affected its development? Why was the Vedic Age important? How did the system of classes and castes regulate interaction? How were they linked to reincarnation? How did Jainism and Buddhism challenge Brahmin domination? What are the differences between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism?

p. 186 Indian Mathematics Why was the Indian method of arithmetic more beneficial than methods used elsewhere? Trace the spread of the Indian system. Why was this system of mathematical notation invented in India?

Agenda Bell ringer Review India (to Buddhism) Finish India Closure

Review How did key geographic features of India affected its development? Why was the Vedic Age important? How did the system of classes and castes regulate interaction? How were they linked to reincarnation? How did Jainism and Buddhism challenge Brahmin domination? What are the differences between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism?

Unit 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (600 B.C.E. – 600 C.E.)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: FOUNDATIONS OF INDIAN CIVILIZATION (1500 BCE-300 BCE)

Objectives Describe how Hinduism evolved to meet the needs of the people. Describe the significance of Ashoka. Assess the significance of the time between the Maurya and Gupta empires. Identify the accomplishments of the Gupta Empire.

Essential Questions How did Hinduism evolve meet the needs of the people? What is the significance of Ashoka? What happened between the Maurya and Gupta rule? What were the accomplishments of the Gupta Empire?

Target: Evolution of Hinduism Vedic religion evolved into Hinduism because of Jainism and Buddhism. Included parts of Dravidian cultures and Buddhism. Individual devotion to particular god/goddess. Many gods, sects, and local practices.

Vishnu – the Preserver

Shiva – The Destroyer

Different ways to approach god and obtain divine favor. Ganges River is sacred to the Hindus. Religious duties depend on social class. Hinduism lasted in India, Buddhism did not.

Target: The Mauryan Empire ( BCE) Chandragupta Maurya (r BCE) – Gained control of the Magadha kingdom (late 4 th century BCE), expanded into Mauryan Empire Taxes, tolls, government monopolies, fees provided revenue Administrative districts, large imperial army Standard coinage Capital at Pataliputra

Ashoka – Expanded empire, but witnessed brutality in conquest of Kalinga. – Converted to Buddhism. Preached nonviolence and religious toleration. – “Pillars of Asoka”

Commerce and Culture in an Era of Political Fragmentation Dynastic disputes, expenses, and attacks led to Mauryan collapse Power changed hands for the next 500 years – Economic, cultural, and intellectual achievement – Ramayana and Mahabharata, Bhagavad-Gita – Science and technology Tamil kingdoms in frequent conflict

Target: Gupta Empire ( CE) Capital at Pataliputra Chandra Gupta (r ) Important trade routes, agricultural productivity, iron deposits. Standing army Theater-state Math - CONCEPT OF ZERO AND DECIMAL SYSTEM Medicine-Vaccination for smallpox

Few archaeological remains Decline in the status of women – Lost right to inherit property, banned from studying sacred texts, sati

Religion – Hinduism – Reassertion of importance of caste system and Brahmin priests – Religious tolerance Commerce – Sought ports on Arabian Sea, decreased trade with Roman Empire, increased trade with Southeast and East Asia. Collapsed by 550 under Hun pressure Deccan Plateau followed an independent path

Essential Questions How did Hinduism evolve meet the needs of the people? What is the significance of Ashoka? What happened between the Maurya and Gupta rule? What were the accomplishments of the Gupta Empire?

Agenda Bell ringer Review India Southeast Asia Closure Primary source books

Review How did Hinduism evolve meet the needs of the people? What is the significance of Ashoka? What happened between the Maurya and Gupta rule? What were the accomplishments of the Gupta Empire?

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: SOUTHEAST ASIA ( CE)

Objectives Assess how key geographic features of Southeast Asia affected its development. Describe how Hinduism and Buddhism came to influence Southeast Asia. Describe how rulers incorporated Indian knowledge and personnel to enhance power. Describe how Funan rose as an economic power.

Essential Questions How did key geographic features of Southeast Asia affect its development? How did Hinduism and Buddhism influence Southeast Asia? How did rulers incorporate Indian knowledge and personnel to enhance power? How did Funan rise as an economic power?

Map 7-2, p. 197

Where is Southeast Asia?

Target: Geography Indochina mainland, Malay Peninsula, thousands of islands extending into the Pacific Ocean Influenced by China and India Intermediate role in trade between southern and eastern Asia Islands are the tops of a chain of volcanoes Tropical climate Monsoon winds Silt-bearing rivers, rich volcanic soil

Target: Early Civilization As early as 2000 BCE – swidden agriculture Rice, soybeans, sugar cane, yams, bananas, coconuts, chickens, pigs spread from Southeast Asia Malay peoples migrated from southern China beginning around 3000 BCE

Impressive navigational skills by 1000 BCE Clustered along riverbanks or fertile volcanic plains. Rain forest – animals and plants. Fish. Rich in metals– copper and tin ore for bronze implements

External influences – The Chinese controlled Northern Indochina politically for 1000 years beginning in 100 BCE – Larger states further south (early centuries CE) due to trade and Hindu-Buddhist culture. – Merchants used trade routes to carry Chinese silk to India and the Mediterranean Nomads had disrupted old land route across Central Asia Demand for silk increasing in India Gradually, merchants included Southeast Asian goods.

– Hindu-Buddhist culture Indian merchants and sailors Shrewd Malay rulers used Indian traditions. – Sanskrit terms, bureaucracy, ceremonial practices. – Combined with own practices

Funan – First major Southeast Asian center flourished between 1 st and 6 th centuries CE – Delta of Mekong River – “rice-bowl” – Extended control over most of southern Indochina and the Malay Peninsula – Dominate traded route from India to China

Essential Questions How did key geographic features of Southeast Asia affect its development? How did Hinduism and Buddhism influence Southeast Asia? How did rulers incorporate Indian knowledge and personnel to enhance power? How did Funan rise as an economic power?