5-1 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ DRUGS Chapter 5

5-2 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Introduction Drug - a natural or synthetic substance that produces physiological or psychological effects in humans or other animals. 75% of all evidence being processed in crime labs is related to illegal drugs

5-3 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ DEA – NJ Drug Statistics NJ State Facts ( Population: 8,717,925 State Prison Population: 26,757 Probation Population: 143,315 Violent Crime Rate National Ranking: Federal Drug Seizures Cocaine: kg Heroin: kg Methamphetamine: kg/26 DU Marijuana: 2,887.80kg Hashish: kg. MDMA: 3,790 DU Meth Lab Incidents: 3 (DEA, state, and local)

5-4 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Narcotics Narcotics - drugs that induce sleep and relieve pain  Lowers blood pressure and slows breathing rate  Examples: -Heroin -Morphine -Codeine

5-5 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Hallucinogens Hallucinogens include marijuana, LSD, PCP, and MDMA (Ecstasy) PCP is often mixed with other drugs, such as LSD, or amphetamine, and is sold as a powder (“angel dust”), capsule, or tablet.

5-6 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Depressants Depressants - are substances used to slow down the functions of the central nervous system. Depressants calm irritability and anxiety and may induce sleep. Examples: - alcohol - Xanax -Ro hypnol - B arbiturates “Roofies” -tranquilizers

5-7 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Stimulants Stimulants – substance that speeds up, or stimulates, the central nervous system Stimulants give the user an adrenaline rush often followed by a crash. Heavy use of stimulants result in paranoia, restlessness, irritability, and depression. The most frequently used stimulant is coffee with caffeine. The most common illegal stimulants are cocaine and amphetamines.

5-8 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Amphetamines A group of synthetic stimulants that are usually called UPPERS or SPEED. Used in diet pills Hydroxycut with Ephedra

5-9 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ COCAINE Erythroxoylon coca – the plant Increases alertness and energy Suppression of hunger, fatigue, and boredom

5-10 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Drug-Control Laws The U.S. federal law known as the Controlled Substances Act will serve to illustrate a legal drug-classification system created to prevent and control drug abuse. This federal law establishes five schedules of classification for controlled dangerous substances based on the drug’s –potential for abuse –potential for physical and psychological dependence –medical use/value

5-11 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Your Brain on Drugs Youtube - L41bREHoYoutube - L41bREHo C4NemJIhttps:// C4NemJI

5-12 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ A forensic chemist will determine if a unknown substance is a drug by performing a series of tests The results will have a direct bearing on the process of determining the guilt or innocence of a defendant. Forensic Drug Analysis

5-13 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Drug Identification 2-step procedure: 1) Use screening tests to reduce the number of possibilities to a small and manageable number. 2) Use more sophisticated tests to pinpoint and confirm the identity of the drug.

5-14 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Drug Identification Screening tests Color tests Microcrystalline test Chromatography Confirmatory tests Spectrophotometry  Ultraviolet (UV)  Visible  Infrared (IR) Mass spectrometry Screening tests only tells what drug is possibly present. (Screening tests are easier, cheaper, and quicker to use.) Confirmatory tests tell that the drug is positively present. Video – Drug Analysis

5-15 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Screening tests Color Tests (5 tests) - Suspect material is subjected to a series of different color tests that will produce characteristic colors for the more common illicit drugs. Microcrystalline Test Forensic Drug Analysis

5-16 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Color Tests 1.Marquis – turns purple when positive for heroin and morphine – turns orange-brown when positive for amphetamines and methamphetamines. 2. Dille-Koppanyi – tests for barbiturates 3. Duqenois-Levine – series of chemicals to test for marijuana 4. Van Urk –tests for LSD 5. Scott – three solution test for the presence of cocaine. Positive color sequence is blue-pink-blue. Video -

5-17 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Microcrystalline Tests Microcrystalline tests - used to identify specific drug substances by studying the size and shape of crystals formed Cocaine crystal – “K” shaped methamphetamine crystal

5-18 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Confirmation Determination Forensic chemists will employ a specific test to identify a drug substance to the exclusion of all other known chemical substances. Typically infrared spectrophotometry or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) is used to specifically identify a drug substance.

5-19 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 19 Chromatography  A technique for separating mixtures into their components  Includes two phases—a mobile one that flows past a stationary one.  The mixture interacts with the stationary phase and separates.

5-20 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 20 Types of Chromatography  Paper  Thin Layer (TLC)  Gas (GC)  Pyrolysis Gas (PGC)  Liquid (LC)  High Pressure Liquid (HPLC)  Column

5-21 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 21 Paper Chromatography  Stationary phase—paper  Mobile phase—a liquid solvent Capillary action moves the mobile phase through the stationary phase

5-22 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Calculating Rf Values The distance moved by a pigment is compared to the distance moved by the solvent front. We call this relationship the retention time or Rf value and define it as follows: Rf = Distance moved by the pigment Distance from pigment origin to solvent front Paper chromatography can be used to identify substances both qualitatively (by color) and quantitatively by its characteristic Rf value.

5-23 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 23 Thin Layer Chromatography  Stationary phase— a thin layer of coating (usually alumina or silica) on a sheet of plastic or glass  Mobile phase— a liquid solvent

5-24 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Gas Chromatography In GC, the moving phase is actually a gas called the carrier gas, which flows through a column. Phases  Stationary —liquid that lines a tube or column  Mobile — a gas like nitrogen or helium After a mixture passes through the length of the column, it will become separated into its components.

5-25 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Gas Chromatography Results Chromatogram: The printed record of the separation. Retention Time: The time required for a component to come out of a GC column. Analysis  Shows a peak that is proportional to the quantity of the substance present  Uses retention time instead of R f for the qualitative analysis

5-26 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 26 Uses of Gas Chromatography  Not considered a confirmation of a controlled substance  For more accurate results – Used in conjunction with mass spectroscopy (MS) and infrared spectroscopy (IR)  a separation tool for MS and IR  Used to quantitatively measure the concentration of a sample.