The phased approach to the groundwater monitoring programme for the Drini River Basin

Location and boundaries of groundwater bodies (3-dimensional conception) Pressures to which the groundwater bodies are subjected Thickness and permeability of the overlying strata Degree to which groundwater bodies are at risk of failing to meet the WFD’s objectives Delineation and Characterisation of Groundwater Bodies Integrated River Basin Management (The content of the building is the so called River Basin Management Plan.) Quantitative status Chemical status surveillance monitoring operational monitoring C riteria for status assessment and for identification/reversal of sustained upward trends  Groundwater “Daughter” Directive Monitoring Programme for Groundwater In case of risk of failing to achieve the Directive’s objectives: List of measures taken to achieve them Measures taken to apply the principle of recovery of the costs of water use Programme of Measures concerning Groundwater Economic Aspects and Input of Stakeholders GIS and Reporting ! Without a solid ground floor you cannot construct a first floor ! The structure of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) concerning groundwater as a building

The step by step approach for development of the groundwater monitoring programme preparation period until 08/2009 planning period Delineate and characterize groundwater bodies I. Analyse pressures concerning quan- titative and chemical status II. Compile available existing monitoring points = available monitoring network III. Develop the theore- tical necessary monitoring networks concerning quantita- tive and chemical status IV. Compare the theore- tical necessary monitoring networks with the available network;  Analyse gaps V. until 10/2009 [middle-term period] [~ 18 months] building period Identify the lo- cations for new built observation wells to close the gaps VI. Build new observation wells Old observation wells of the former Yugoslav period Abstraction wells and springs (raw water) for drinking water supply Other existing monito- ring points [e.g. self- supply of households; mining companies] The Kosovan groundwater monitoring networks for quantitative and chemical status New built observation wells ! The more appropriate existing monitoring sites are identified the less have to be constructed !

Working step I, slide 1  Delineation of groundwater bodies Preliminary delineated groundwater bodies in Drini River Basin Delineation according to the following attributes: - Groundwater watersheds (divides), or,if not available, topographic map and surface water sub-basins - Rock type - Type of general hydraulic characteristics - Age and geometry (3-D concept) of lithostratigraphic units Reasonable sizes of groundwater bodies between 154 km 2 and 579 km 2

Working step I, slide 2  Delineation of groundwater bodies The main purpose of identifying „water bodies“ is to enable the status to be accurately described and compared to environmental objectives. This does not mean that a groundwater body must be delineated so that it is homogeneous in terms of its natural characteristics. A groundwater body means a distinct volume of groundwater within an aquifer or within several aquifers. ! A groundwater body is more or less a “pragmatic working unit” for the authorities ! A sub-division (fragmentation) of ground- water into unmanageable numbers of groundwater bodies should be avoided in order to reduce administrative burden. The delineation of groundwater bodies should be regarded as an iterative process, possibly refined over the time!

Compile data on human activities and identify the different types of pressures concerning quantitative status chemical status - abstraction - diffuse sources of pollution for water supply and (because of land use) for irrigation - point sources of pollution Decide on the likely effects of identified human activities/pressures on groundwater Assess vulnerability to the effects of pressures Determine the relevant pollutant input areas concer- ning diffuse sources of pollution and define the significant point sources of pollution at which monitoring points downstream have to be con- structed = Necessary working tools or data Calculated balance between recharge and abstraction or Working step II, slide 1  Pressure analysis (whole procedure) Use of existing groundwater level data Groundwater Vulnerability Map Land Use Map Cadastre of landfills, other contaminated sites, mines etc.

areas where potential diffuse source pressures [settlement and industrial area] are combi- ned with high natural vulnerability to pressures [permeable overlying strata or impermeable overlying strata with a thickness less than 5 m] Target concerning to diffuse sources of pollution: Identification of areas where the monitoring activities have to focus on = relevant pollutant input areas Result of Superposing/Combination of Land Use Map and Groundwater Vulnerability Map Working step II, slide 2  Relevant pollutant input areas =

Key principles for design of the groundwater chemical status monitoring programme (1) decreasing natural protection effect of the overlying strata = increasing natural vulnerabi- lity of the ground- water body increasing size of pollutant input area and/or increasing magnitude of pressures increasing density of the chemical status monitoring network and increasing monitoring frequency - Land Use Map - Map or Cadastre of point sources of pollution - Groundwater Vulnerability Map - Map of the chemical status monitoring network Superposition/ Combination Identification of areas where the monitoring activities have to focus on ! Pressure oriented measuring ! Potential relevant effects of pressures (i.e. the hazard) Likely effects of pressures Natural characteristics of the groundwater body that determine its vulnerability Expert problem solving by GIS