Dr. John P. Abraham Professor University of Texas Pan American Internet Applications and Network Programming

Chapter Covers  Paradigm that applications follow when communicating over the internet  Socket application programming interface – Socket API

Two basic Internet Communication Pardigms  Stream oriented (connection oriented)  Message Oriented  Differentiate between the two See p 28. fig to 1 vs many to many comm Sequence of individual bytes vs. sequence of packets Arbitrary length vs. max limit to 64k Most applications vs. multimedia Tcp vs. udp

Stream transport in the Internet  Sequence of bytes that flows from one application program to another.  Browser uses the stream service. browser requests to the webserver, which responds by sending the page. Stream mechanism transfers a sequence of bytes without attaching meaning or inserting boundaries. The sending application may send one byte or a block of bytes. Although it delivers all bytes in sequence, the steram paradigm does not guarantee that the chunks of bytes passed to a receiving application correspond to the chunks of bytes transferred by the sending application.

Message Transport in the Internet  The network accepts and delivers messages  The network never delivers part of the message nor joins multiple messages together.  Messages can be 1 to 1, 1 to many, or many to 1 (application on many computers can send messages to a given application).  Messages can be lost, duplicated or delivered out of order. It is up to the programmer to ensure that the application operates correctly.

Connection-oriented communication  Similar to a telephone call.  Establish connection, talk, terminate connection  See algorithm on page 30.

Client Server Model of Interation  How can a pair of applications that run on two different computers coordinate? One application known as the server starts first and awaits contact from any computer. The other application known as the client starts second and initiate the connection. Must know which server to contact. When the client terminates, the server waits for another connection. See figure 3.2 p.30

Characteristics of clients and servers  Client – user invokes, application program through the underlying OS initiates contact with a server  Can access multiple services as needed. Keeps track of various connections through ports.  Server – handles multiple remote sessions simultaneously, therefore needs a powerful machine.  Waits passively for contact from remote clients

Server application model  Server application starts first  Does not need to know which client will contact it  Waits passively and arbitrarily long for contact from a client  Communicates with a client by both sending and receiving data  Stays running after servicing one client, and waits of another. Requires a server class machine. It can accept many connections.

Client application model  Starts after the server has started  Must know which server to contact  Initiate contact and then sends and receives data  May terminate after interacting with the server Any computer can be a client. It can do other tasks such as computation.

Server Identification and Memutliplexing  A client sends request to a server, the server sends response to the client.  The internet protocols divide identification into two parts: an identifier for the computer (IP address) on which the server runs and the identifier for a particular service (protocol port number – 16bits such as 80 for web and 25 for ) on the computer.  The DNS is used to convert the computer name to an IP address.  Server uses threading to accept concurrent requests.

Circular Dependencies Among servers  A server can become a client for a different server (think of 3 tier systems).  Programmers must be careful to avoid circular references.

Network Programming and the Socket API  Interface: set of instructions designed for interaction between two entities. (You already know about file interfaces)  There are three common interfaces: Socket interface, transport layer interface and stream interface.  Socket interface is a set of instructions located between the operating system and application programs(to access TCP/IP)

Socket data structure  In C, a socket is defined as five-field struct (or record)  Family: IF_NET (for IPv4), IF_NET6  Type: SOCK_STREAM(FOR TCP), SOCK_DGRAM (FOR UDP), etc.  Protocol 0 is for TCP/IP  Local Socket Address  Remote socket Address

SOCKETS PRIMER By Dr. John P. Abraham University of Texas Pan American

CLIENT/SERVER  Server side  Client side  Request and Reply  The client and server communicate with each other through something called Berkley socket or winsock  Socket API is a de facto standard for Internet communication

SOCKET APPLICATION PROGRAMMER’S INTERFACE (API) TO THE NETWORK (TRANSPORT LAYER) The socket API is integrated with I/O When an application creates a socket to use for Internet communication, the OS returns a small integer descriptor that identifies the socket The application then passes the descriptor as an argument when it calls functions to perform an operation on the socket

TCP or UDP  THE TRANSPORT PROTOCOL CAN USE EITHER TCP OR UDP  PROGRAMMER NEEDS TO SPECIFY WHICH IS BEING USED

ADDRESSING  An application must specify address of the remote computer, the protocol port number and whether the application will act as a client or server.  SENDER AND RECEIVER MUST KNOW EACH OTHER’S ADDRESS AND PORT. IP ADDRESS OR NAME OF HOSTS PORT NUMBER

Summary of socket functions  See page 37 figure 3.7  This is an important figure  I have given some properties and methods two slides later

PORT NUMBER  THERRE ARE TOTAL PORTS (16 BIT UNSIGNED)  PORTS BELOW 1024 ARE CALLED WELL KNOWN PORTS. YOU SHOULD STAY AWAY FROM THE WELL KNOWN PORTS WHEN YOU WRITE APPLICATIONS UNLESS YOU ARE PROGRAMMING FOR A STANDARD SERVICE.

SOME WELL KNOWN PORTS SERVICEPORT HTTP80 POP3110 SMTP25 TELNET23 FTP21,20 FINGER79 LOCAL LOOPS0

Winsock properties Bytes Received Returns the number (long integer) of bytes currently in the receive buffer. Read-only. LocalHost Name Returns the name of the local host. Read only (Available at run time). Local IPReturns IP assigned to the local machine. You may use the name of the machine. Local PortReturns the local port number. You may set the port number with this property. Long integer. ProtocolEither TCP or UDP. You can set this. Remote PortSet what port the remote program is using.

Winsock Methods AcceptServer accepts requests for connection from the client. The listen must be running. CloseTerminates a connection. Get DataRetrieves current block of data from the buffer places in a variable. Removes from the queue. Peek DataSame as get Data. Does not remove data from the queue. ListenServer side. Waits for a connection from client. Send DataDispatches data to remote computer. ConnectRequests a connection to the remote computer

Socket calls in a client and server  Client Socket  connect  send  rcv (repeat send  rcv)  close  Server Socket  bind  listen  accept  rcv  send (repeat send and rcv)  close  Following are some description about these functions

Read and write with sockets  You can use read and write instead of recv and send with some os.  The only way to learn it is to do some programming

C# (.NET)  The.NET framework provides two namespaces, System.Net and System.Net.Sockets for socket programming.  The communication can be either connection oriented or connectionless. They can also be either stream oriented or data- gram based.  The most widely used protocol TCP is used for stream-based communication and UDP is used for data-grams based applications..

Discovering IP address  System.Net contains the Dns class.  Dns class can be used to query information about various things including the IP addresses  Dns.GetHostByName can be used to return DNS host name of the local machine.  Here is an example of this program. You will have to write this program yourself, so I am only showing the executable program.

Sample program in c# to resolve address given a host name using System; using System.Net; using System.Net.Sockets; class SocketAddress { public static void Main() { IPHostEntry IPHost = Dns.Resolve(" Console.WriteLine(IPHost.HostName); string []aliases = IPHost.Aliases; IPAddress[] addr = IPHost.AddressList; for(int i= 0; i < addr.Length ; i++) { Console.WriteLine(addr[i]); } Console.ReadKey(); }

Explanation IPHostEntry IPHost = Dns.Resolve(" The Resolve method queries a DNS server for the IP address associated with a host name or IP address. IPHost.Aliases gives any aliases associated with that host name. This can be stored in an array. IPHost.AddressList will provide addresses associated with the hostname. They can be stored in an array.

Another Program using System; using System.Net; using System.Net.Sockets; class MyClient { public static void Main() { IPHostEntry IPHost = Dns.Resolve(" Console.WriteLine(IPHost.HostName); string[] aliases = IPHost.Aliases; Console.WriteLine(aliases.Length); IPAddress[] addr = IPHost.AddressList; Console.WriteLine(addr.Length); for (int i = 0; i < addr.Length; i++) { Console.WriteLine(addr[i]); } Console.ReadKey(); } }

Sample program (in VB) 1.Private Sub Form_Load() 2. ' Set the LocalPort property to an integer. ‘ Then invoke the Listen method. 3. tcpServer.LocalPort = tcpServer.Listen frmClient.Show ' Show the client form. 5.End Sub Private Sub 6.tcpServer_ConnectionRequest _ (ByVal requestID As Long) 7. ' Check if the control's State is closed. If not, ' close the connection before accepting the new ' connection. 8. If tcpServer.State <> sckClosed Then _ tcpServer.Close ' Accept the request with the requestID ' 9. parameter. tcpServer.Accept requestID End Sub Private Sub txtSendData_Change() 10. ' The TextBox control named txtSendData ' contains the data to be sent. Whenever the user ' types into the textbox, the string is sent ' using the SendData method. 11. tcpServer.SendData txtSendData.Text 12.End Sub 13.Private Sub tcpServer_DataArrival _ (ByVal bytesTotal As Long) 14. ' Declare a variable for the incoming data. ' Invoke the GetData method and set the Text 15. ' property of a TextBox named txtOutput to ' the data. 16. Dim strData As String tcpServer.GetData strData txtOutput.Text = strData 17.End Sub.