Quiz Question What is an “intertial” reference frame? A.One in which an object is observed to have no acceleration when no forces act on it. B.One in which the center of the galaxy is not moving. C.On in which the center of the galaxy is not accelerating. D.One in which the center of the galaxy is not accelerating or rotating. E. One at rest with respect to the surrounding air.

Galilean Relativity

I drive past a baseball field traveling north at 25 MPH. A player throws the ball south at a speed (relative to the ground) of 70 MPH. What is the speed of the ball in my inertial reference frame? A: 25 MPH B: 45 MPH C: 70 MPH D: 74 MPH E: 95 MPH

Galilean Relativity Laws of physics should be the same in any inertial reference frame What’s an inertial reference frame?

Galilean Relativity x y z S x’ y’ z’ S’

Conventions The velocity v is the velocity of the S’ frame origin as viewed by someone in S frame. The velocity v is the velocity of the S’ frame origin as viewed by someone in S frame. –Use u to represent the velocity of an object. We define our coordinates such that We define our coordinates such that –the x, y, and z directions are the same for both coordinate systems, – v is always in the x direction, and –the origins of the two coordinate systems overlap at time t=0.

Galilean Transformations

Problems with Galilean Relativity Maxwell’s equations describe light... But Maxwell’s equations describe light... But –Different from other waves –Speed the same in any reference frame Ether wind Ether wind

Michelson & Morley: 1881, 1887

Einstein’s Relativity… Postulates Postulates –1. The mathematical form of the laws of physics must be the same in every inertial reference frame. –2. The speed of light in vacuum is a constant, and is the same constant in every inertial reference frame.

Consequences…

A Single Observer

An “Array” of Observers

In “Earth” Reference Frame

Both lightning bolts strike at the same time The observers on the ground conclude that the observer on the train sees the light from the right bolt before they see light from the left bolt.

In “Train” Reference Frame Either the observer on the train sees light from both beams at the same time… … or the lightning bolts didn’t strike at the same time!

Simultaneity Things which happen simultaneously in one inertial reference frame do not have to occur simultaneously in a different inertial reference frame. Things which happen simultaneously in one inertial reference frame do not have to occur simultaneously in a different inertial reference frame.

2 NEPHI 26:23 For behold, my beloved brethren, I say unto you that the Lord God worketh not in darkness.

Time Dilation

If two events occur in the same place, separated by a time t p … light can travel a distance L = ct p / 2 and back. But in the frame of someone moving at a speed v relative to the proper frame, the light must travel further than L. The inertial frame in which two events occur at the same place is known as the “proper” frame for the two events. Not all pairs of events have a proper frame! So there is a larger time between the two events in the moving frame than the proper frame!

Thought Question Two people in different inertial frames measure the time between two events. In which frame will the time interval between two events be the shortest? A : The one moving fastest with respect to the lab B : The one moving slowest with respect to the lab C : The one in which the events occur furthest apart D : The one in which the events occur closest together E : It depends on other information.

Time Dilation

Discussion question: The value of γ is A. Less than 1 B. Greater than 1 C. Can be either depending on the velocity

This has been verified... many times A muon created on earth at rest lives an average of 2.2 x s (2.2 μs) A muon traveling at.990c lives an average of 1.56 x s (15.6 μs) A muon travels at a speed 0.990c for 2.2 x s before it decays. How far does the muon travel?

The Twin Paradox

After the trip, which twin will be the oldest? A : The little twin who went into space B : The little twin who stayed home C : The little twin who had roast beef D : The little twin who had none E : They will be the same age

Who measures the “proper time” for the round trip? A : Goslo B : Speedo C : Neither of them D : Both of them

Length Contraction: Goslo’s Frame

Length Contraction: Speedo’s Frame

Who measures the “proper time” for the one-way trip to Planet X? A : Goslo B : Speedo C : Neither of them D : Both of them E : Miss Manners

Length Contraction

Proper frame is the one in which the object isn’t moving

The Barn Door Paradox