Skeletal System Unit E

Terminology Joint Medullary canal Ossification Osteocytes Periosteum Abduction adduction Appendicular skeleton Axial skeleton Ball and socket joint Bursa Circumduction Compact bone Diaphysis Endosteum Epiphysis Extension Flexion Fontanel Hemopoiesis Joint Medullary canal Ossification Osteocytes Periosteum Pronation Rotation Spongy bone Supination Suture Gliding joint Hinge joint Pivot joint Synovial fluid

Disorders and Related Terminology Arthritis Arthroscopy Closed reduction Dislocation Fractures Greenstick fracture Kyphosis Lordosis Open reduction Scoliosis Sprain Strain Traction

Skeletal System 206 bones Functions Supports body and provides shape Protects internal organs Movement and anchorage of muscles Mineral storage (Calcium and Phosphorus) Hemopoiesis-the process of blood cell formation in the red bone morrow! Osteocytes –composed of microscopic mature bone cell

Bone Formation Embryo skeletal starts as osteoblasts (primitive embryonic cells) – then change to cartilage Fontanel – soft spot on baby’s head 8 weeks: Ossification begins (mineral matter begins to replace cartilage Infant bones soft because ossification is not complete

Sutures The areas where cranial bones join together to form immovable joint (sutures) which allow firstly the head to pass through the birth canal and secondly postnatal brain growth. Chewing involves what bone?

Structure of Long Bone Diaphysis – shaft Epiphyses – ends Medullary cavity – center of shaft, filled with yellow bone marrow, which is mostly fatty cells, also cells that form white blood cells Endosteum- lines marrow cavity

Structure of long Bone Continued Shaft is made of compact bone (DENSE bone) the ends are spongy bone (POROUS bone). Ends contain red marrow where red blood cells are made Periosteum – tough, outside covering of bone – contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

The shaft of the long bone is?

The outer covering of the bone is?

Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Axial – skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, hyoid Appendicular – shoulder girdle, arms, pelvis, legs Ribs and sternum Sternum divided into 3 parts (bottom tips is xiphoid process) 12 pairs of ribs – first 7 are true ribs Next three are false ribs Next two are floating ribs

Bones of the skull, spine & chest make up the ?

Largest bone in the body?

What bones make up the pelvis?

Another name for breast bone?

Appendicular skeleton Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius and ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Pelvis Femur Tibia and Fibula Patella Tarsal bones Calcaneus Metatarsals

The lower arm bone is located on the thumb side? The medical term for the finger bones is?

Medical term for the knee cap?

If you damage ligaments, you will have a? A sprain - is an injury which occurs to ligaments caused by being stretched beyond their normal capacity and possibly torn. Muscular tears caused in the same manner are referred to as a strain.

Spine – Vertebral Column Encloses the spinal cord Vertebrae – separated by pads of cartilage Intervertebral discs Cervical Vertebrae (7) Atlas – 1st cervical vertebrae Axis – 2nd cervical vertebrae Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Lumbar Vertebrae (5) Sacrum Coccyx

muscles become paralysed

What cranial bone is at the rear of the skull that connects with the spinal column?

Vertebral Column

Joints Joints are points of contact between 2 bones- classified according to movement: Diarthrosis – movable Amphiarthrosis – partially movable Synarthrosis – immovable Articular cartilage – covers joint surface Synovial Fluid – lubricating substance in joints. The fluid that reduces friction during joint movement.                                              

Types of Joints What joint allows the greatest freedom of movement?

Types of Joints Ball and socket Hinge Pivot Gliding Bone with ball shaped head fits into concave socket of 2nd bone. Shoulders and hips Hinge Move in one direction or plane. Knees, elbows, outer joints of fingers Pivot Those with an extension rotate on a 2nd arch shaped bone. Radius and ulna, atlas and axis Gliding Flat surfaces glide across each other. Vertebrae of spine

Articular Cartilage It is composed of collagen fibers and/or elastic fibers, and can supply smooth surfaces for the movement of articulating bones.

Synovial Fluid It’s a boundary-layer lubrication, which reduces friction between opposing surfaces of cartilage.

Types of Motion Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction Rotation Pronation Supination

FLEXION Flexion is a position that is made possible by the joint angle decreasing.

Extension A movement of a joint in which one part of the body is moved away from another. If you go from a sitting position to a standing position, the joint action at the knee is extension!

Abduction A motion that pulls a structure or part away the midline of the body. Adduction A motion that pulls a structure or part towards the midline of the body

Circumduction The circular or a more precise movement of a body part, such as a ball-and-socket joint or the eye.

Rotation A motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis. What movements occurs when you turn your head from side to side?

Pronation A rotation of the forearm that moves the palm from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position, or palm facing down.

Supination The opposite of pronation, the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly, or palm facing up.

Disorders of the Bones and Joints Fracture- a break Treated by: Closed reduction- cast or splint applied Open reduction- surgical intervention with devices such as wired, metal plates or screws to hold bone in alignment (internal fixation) Traction- pulling force used to hold the bone in place Used for fractures of long bones

Fractures Closed or simple Open or compound Greenstick Comminuted bone broken, broken ends don’t break skin Open or compound broken bone pierce the skin, can lead to infection Greenstick in children, bone bent and splintered but never completely separates Comminuted splintered or broken into many pieces Spiral bone twists, resulting in one or more breaks

COMPOUND FRACTURE A bone that breaks through the skin is?

Disorders Cont. Dislocation Sprain Radiology Bone displaced from proper position in joint Sprain sudden or unusual motion, ligaments torn but joint is not dislocated Radiology X-rays for diagnosis evaluation of bones

Curvature of Spine Kyphosis Hunchback Lordosis Scoliosis Swayback Lateral curvature

Bone Disorders Osteoporosis- % of those infected are women. Mineral density of bone is reduced 35 – 65%. The loss of bone mass leaves the bone thinner, porous and more prone to fracture. Osteomyelitis – bone infection Osteosarcoma – bone cancer

When bones becomes more porous, loses calcium & phosphorous they are likely to fracture.

Dx and Rx Arthroscopy- examination into joint using arthroscope with fiber optic lens Arthroplasty- reconstruction of joint Microdiskectomy- operation to remove damaged Intervertebral disc through tiny incision. Bone plug is usually used to replace the damaged disc.

Arthroplasty Arthroscopy Microdiskectomy

Diseases of Bone Bursitis- inflammation of a bursa (joint sac)

Diseases of Bone cont… Arthritis An inflammation of one or more joints. Osteoarthritis- degenerative, occurs with aging, 80% of Americans suffer, joints become enlarged and painful

Rheumatoid Arthritis A chronic, autoimmune disease- joints become swollen and painful, joint deformities common

Bursitis

Rheumatoid arthritis                                                  Osteoarthritis

Diseases of Bones cont. Gout- Increase of uric acid deposited in joint cavity, mostly the great toe in men.

Whiplash Trauma to the cervical vertebra

Herniated disc Intervertebral disc ruptures or protrudes, putting pressure on spinal nerves.

Rickets Found in children, caused by lack of vitamin D, bones become soft.

Diseases of Bones Cont. Osteomalacia – softening of bones caused by deficiency in phosphorous or calcium Bone marrow aspiration – removal of marrow sample with a needle for diagnostic purposes

Bone Marrow Aspiration

That the bones of it!