Empires and Dictators Rise of Japanese Empire and the Birth of European Dictators

Empire of Japan Following World War I – Japan a global economic power – industry boom Created issues – wealth localized, peasants poor Another issues – they have no natural resources – Have to get them from other nations – cost big money Tariffs on goods affected Japan’s ability to sell things to other nations to get resources – Starts to destroy Japan’s company – Social Changes in Japan Democracy flourishes – because of public education – Political parties emerge Western fashion becomes big – makes old military conservatives upset

Japanese Military Power Military leaders become most supported once Depression hits in 1927 Military Vision: – Society devoted to emperor who is supported by a strong military group who runs the government and all works are done to glorify the nation of Japan Why was military was more supported than the civilian government? – Treaties made with West – limit Japan’s navy size – U.S. passage of bill barring Japanese immigration – Military supported a strong since of nationalism – pride in nation

Building a Strong Fighting Force in Japan Japan looks at what they can be good at: – Not able to compete with global industrial powers in development of technology – Limits in Navy creates problems – One resource they find they can control and make into what they need – JAPANESE SOLDIERS Japanese Fighting Spirit – Promote bravery in soldiers – Words such surrender, retreat, and defense removed from military vocabulary – Used troops in schools to promote military with kids

Times Are Changing – Military Takeover 1930s – Military carried out assassinations of civilian government officials – Put themselves in to replace those leaders – Claimed that military was needed to control chaotic society – Civilian government gave into demands of military and the military takes over

Japan’s Aggressive Stance Globally Manchurian Incident (1931) – Japan decides to invade this region of China for natural resources for industry – Conquered it, set up government – Manchukuo Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) – Join with Germany in agreement to oppose spread of Communism – Done because of Japanese hatred of Russia Nanjing Massacre (1937) – another war with China leads to Japanese military killing 100,000 men, women, and children in the city of Nanjing

Japan’s Aggressive Stance Globally Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (1940) – Japan could not conquer China – Large supplies of resources in other smaller nations – This proposal would allow Japan to control all resources from these smaller nations allowing it to break away from reliance on Western nations (U.S.) – Seen as an attempt to build Japanese Empire Caused fear in Asia and Pacific

Italy and Mussolini Benito Mussolini – known as “Il Duce” (the leader) wanted to build a great Italian empire in the same pattern of the Roman Empire – Founded the National Fascist Party (1919) Fascism – authoritarian form of government that places the good of the nation above all else, including individual needs and rights – 1922 – Fascist have a large stake in government – October 1922 – March on Rome Mussolini wanted control of government and this show of force made king put Mussolini in charge

Fascism in Practice by Mussolini Totalitarianism – attempt by government to control all aspects of life – Used by Mussolini because he wanted to control everything – even thoughts, feelings and behaviors of people – Done in two ways by Mussolini: Propaganda – promote Italy’s greatness Festivals and Holidays created – reminder of great Roman tradition Invasion of Ethiopia (1935) – done to prove that Italy was a power – picked an easy target – Italy scorned, but no one did anything – no wars

Stalin’s Soviet Union Joseph Stalin – becomes leader of Soviet Union following Lenin’s death – had to fight against others for it Stalin’s Soviet Union: – Increased government power and control and made Soviet Union a totalitarian state – Five Year Plans – set about to increase production from industry, mining, refining, and steel, which required each to meet a state set goal

Stalin’s Soviet Union Stalin’s Soviet Union (continued): – Collectivization – Combining smaller farms into much larger state run farms, which was done to increase production Took land back from the people that Lenin had given them This caused protests and riots Stalin had the rioters executed or sent to Gulags in Siberia – Gulags – Labor prison camps Main area of resistance was the Ukraine – Stalin refused to send them food and aid – caused famine of 1932 starving millions of Ukrainians to death

Stalin’s Soviet Union Stalin’s Soviet Union (continued): – Political Purges (Mid 1930s) – used to get rid of political opponents that spoke out against Stalin and he had them executed or sent to Gulags – Totalitarian State: Had Children join youth organizations dedicated to Stalin\ Religion done away with Stalin’s picture was put up in all public places Renamed streets and towns in Stalin’s name (Stalingrad) Created a cult of personality around Stalin – gave him power

Hitler in Germany Adolf Hitler – Nazi Party leader who came to power in Germany in 1933 – Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison – told of the evils of the government and blamed Jews for problems of Germany Why did Hitler come to power? – Unpopular Weimar Government – seen as weak and subject to French and her allies – Treaty of Versailles – hard on Germany – Poor economy in Germany – people looking for hope – Hitler promised a return to German greatness and power – Germans were the “master race” – Promised to rebuild German military

Hitler in Germany How did Hitler take control of Germany? – Crushed his opponents – had them arrested or intimidated by his Nazi thugs Got him dictatorial power in government – Used propaganda to influence the people and control their emotions Became referred to as the “Fuhrer” – Established the Nazi Youth Movement Influenced the education of children and made them a part of Nazi Party – Rebuilt the military – Created wage control and spent money on public building programs Gave the people money and jobs and civic pride

Hitler in Germany Anti-Semitic Movement – Anti-Semitism – hostility or prejudice toward Jews Allowed the people to have someone to blame for problems after World War I – The Jews Been around since Middle Ages – Anti-Semitic Laws and Actions: Nuremberg Laws (1935) – created a separate legal status for Jews, eliminating citizenship, civil and property rights, and took away right to work Kristallnacht (1938) – Night of Broken Glass – riots staged to harm Jews, destroy Jewish businesses, and led to deaths of Jews

Questions 1 of 4 Briefly describe postwar Japan – what problems do you see in Japan? Why was the military more supported in Japan than the government? How did the Japanese military gain ultimate control over the government? What are some signs of Japanese military aggression globally?

Questions 2 of 4 Who was Benito Mussolini? What is Fascism? What was the impact of the March on Rome? How did Mussolini manipulate the people into supporting his totalitarian government? Why did Italy invade Ethiopia?

Questions 3 of 4 Who was Joseph Stalin? What steps did Stalin take to make a Russia a totalitarian state under his complete control? What are Gulags? Which area resisted Stalin most and what did he do to try to get them under control? What did this lead to? What social changes did Stalin make to ensure his totalitarian control?

Questions 4 of 4 Who was Adolf Hitler and what book is known for writing? What factors led to Hitler coming to power? After reading about Propaganda, what is your best definition for propaganda? What was its impact on people? What is Anti-Semitism? What were some actions taken by Hitler that show his Anti-Semitic tendencies?