Integrated grammar Dick Hudson Surbiton High School, May 2015 also at: dickhudson.com/talks 1

Plan 1.Integrating grammar with KS2 2.Integrating grammar with texts 3.Integrating grammar with meaning: reference chains 4.Integrating grammar with writing 5.Integrating grammar with talking and listening 6.Integrating grammar with reading 7.Integrating grammar with FL 8.Integrating grammar with thinking skills 9.Conclusions 2

1. Integrating grammar with KS2: National Curriculum grammar terminology characters letter capital letter consonant, consonant letter vowel, vowel letter punctuation full stop question mark exclamation mark apostrophe comma bracket parenthesis dash ellipsis hyphen colon semi-colon bullet points inverted commas (or ‘speech marks’) 3

KS2 Grammar – words word noun adjective verb modal verb adverb preposition conjunction determiner pronoun possessive pronoun relative pronoun [morphology] compound suffix prefix word family [inflectional contrasts] [number] (singular, plural) tense (past, present) [meaning] ambiguity synonym antonym cohesion 4

KS2 Grammar – sentences sentence statement question exclamation command clause subordinate clause relative clause [clause structure] subject object adverbial [voice] active passive noun phrase direct speech 5

2. Integrating grammar with texts Grammar is a tool for building texts. Grammatical analysis is a tool for understanding how texts work. But it needs to be used. Use it or lose it! Any text will do for practice. But some texts will also encourage grammatical growth. Many possibilities, including comparing: expert writing novice writing 6

An expert: Orwell 199 words 7

A novice: an anonymous KS3 pupil (level 4+) 8

The novice text 191 words Fix and forget! 9

How to use these texts Close grammatical analysis promotes ‘noticing’ of grammar which arguably promotes understanding and confidence What has the novice achieved already? What grammar goes beyond ordinary conversation? What is the ‘grammar gap’? What grammar does the expert use, but not the novice? What can they learn from the analysis to improve their reading writing? 10

Punctuation Spot and correct punctuation errors in the novice writing. I carried on watching it moving along the water, I looked around to see if there was anybody near me, watching this strange creature, there was nobody. I looked around once more, there was silence [ ] the Loch Ness Monster had gone, Well, at least I thought it was the loch Ness Monster, maybe I just imagined it. I was sure I saw it though, but nobody will believe me, I stood there for a long time after, hoping that I would see the Monster again. Does every mark show a major syntactic boundary? Does every such boundary have a mark? What is the problem? sentence boundary start of defining subordinate clause sentence 11

Punctuation and grammar Punctuation is a grammatical notation. So it reflects an awareness of grammatical structure. And it reflects conscious analysis. So novices need to become more conscious of grammatical structure more accurate in recognising distinctions. But of course this grammar relates to meaning e.g. defining/non-defining relative clauses. 12

3. Integrating grammar with meaning: reference chains A word has two kinds of meaning: its referent = the entity (person or thing) that it picks out on this occasion (e.g. Fido) its sense = the permanent meaning (e.g. ‘dog’) which ‘construes’ the referent. We invited our neighbours last night. Mr and Mrs Smith were delightful, but the dog was a nuisance. A reference chain (aka ‘arc of coherence’) contains all the expressions (words or phrases) that refer to a particular entity. but the chain may include expression for other related entities. Building a successful reference chain requires grammatical expertise. 13

An expert reference chain for a place In the expert text, find the chain for the farm then all the related entities. Count the repeated expressions. 14

The farm Mr. Jones, of the Manor Farm, had locked the hen-houses for the night, but was too drunk to remember to shut the pop-holes. With the ring of light from his lantern dancing from side to side, he lurched across the yard, kicked off his boots at the back door, drew himself a last glass of beer from the barrel in the scullery, and made his way up to bed, where Mrs. Jones was already snoring. As soon as the light in the bedroom went out there was a stirring and a fluttering all through the farm buildings. Word had gone round during the day that old Major, the prize Middle White boar, had had a strange dream on the previous night and wished to communicate it to the other animals. It had been agreed that they should all meet in the big barn as soon as Mr. Jones was safely out of the way. Old Major (so he was always called, though the name under which he had been exhibited was Willingdon Beauty) was so highly regarded on the farm that everyone was quite ready to lose an hour's sleep in order to hear what he had to say. Repeated expressions = 0 15

A novice reference chain for a place In the novice text, find the chain for the loch then all the related entities. Count the repeated expressions. 16

The loch There I stood on the edge of the loch just looking around at the views and at the old castle which stood opposite me. Then from the middle of nowhere this monster like thing just popped out of the water, Its long green body moving slowly along the top of the water. Then I suddenly thought, is that the loch Ness monster”? I carried on watching it moving along the water, I looked around to see if there was anybody near me, watching this strange creature, there was nobody. I looked around once more, there was silence the Loch Ness Monster had gone, Well, at least I thought it was the loch Ness Monster, maybe I just imagined it. I was sure I saw it though, but nobody will believe me, I stood there for a long time after, hoping that I would see the Monster again. I saw the water ripple, I thought that I might see the Monster again, but no, It was Just the wind. Maybe there really is a Monster in that loch or maybe it was just my imagination. maybe I will see it again someday? Repeated expressions: the water x 4 17

How are the two chains different? The expert chain is richer in related entities. The novice chain has more repeated expressions. 18

Orwell’s people Find the chain for Mr Jones. Find any related entities. Find any expressions which construe him. 19

An expert chain for a person Mr. Jones, of the Manor Farm, had locked the hen-houses for the night, but was too drunk to remember to shut the pop-holes. With the ring of light from his lantern dancing from side to side, #he lurched across the yard, kicked off his boots at the back door, drew himself a last glass of beer from the barrel in the scullery, and made #his way up to bed, where Mrs. Jones was already snoring. As soon as the light in the bedroom went out there was a stirring and a fluttering all through the farm buildings. Word had gone round during the day that old Major, the prize Middle White boar, had had a strange dream on the previous night and wished to communicate it to the other animals. It had been agreed that they should all meet in the big barn as soon as Mr. Jones was safely out of the way. Old Major (so he was always called, though the name under which he had been exhibited was Willingdon Beauty) was so highly regarded on the farm that everyone was quite ready to lose an hour's sleep in order to hear what he had to say. Orwell hardly construes Mr Jones at all because he’s not important. 20

Novice’s monster Find the chain for the monster. Find any related entities. Find any expressions which construe it. 21

A novice chain for a monster There I stood on the edge of the loch just looking around at the views and at the old castle which stood opposite me. Then from the middle of nowhere this monster like thing just popped out of the water, Its long green body moving slowly along the top of the water. Then I suddenly thought, is that the loch Ness monster”? I carried on watching it moving along the water, I looked around to see if there was anybody near me, watching this strange creature, there was nobody. I looked around once more, there was silence the Loch Ness Monster had gone, Well, at least I thought is it was the loch Ness Monster, maybe I just imagined it. I was sure I saw it though, but nobody will believe me, I stood there for a long time after, hoping that I would see the Monster again. I saw the water ripple, I thought that I might see the Monster again, but no, It was Just the wind. Maybe there really is a Monster in that loch or maybe it was just my imagination. maybe I will see it again someday? Construal of the monster achieves little but causes problems. 22

Reference chains in an expert text 23

Reference chains in a novice text 24

The grammar of reference chains Grammatical tools for defining referents: nouns and noun phrases (e.g. cats, a big cat, the cat) pronouns (e.g. he, him, himself, his) tenses and time adverbials (e.g. then... looked) And ellipsis: complete omission. e.g. he lurched across the yard, _ kicked off his boots at the back door, _ drew himself a last glass of beer from the barrel in the scullery, and _ made his way up to bed,... Also apposition = two juxtaposed nouns with the same referent e.g. old Major, the prize Middle White boar, 25

4. Integrating grammar with writing Grammatical analysis can improve writing (Myhill) for brighter children (because they learned most grammar?) provided that it’s integrated immediately into a relevant writing task. What would be a relevant writing task for reference chains? Summarising the plot of a film or play Explaining the offside rule in football Giving instructions for assembling a piece of furniture Criteria for success: Every referent can be identified correctly and easily Senses construe entities by providing relevant information 26

5. Integrating grammar with talking and listening In pairs: A and B have identical piles of lego blocks. Neither can see the other’s part of the table. A adds a piece and describes the change to B, so that B can do the same. Then it’s B’s turn to add a piece and so on till the pieces are used up. The winning pair is the first to build identical models. Success depends on effective reference chains! 27

6. Integrating grammar with reading See Animal Farm (cont). What do the colours mean? What is the general principle for finding the referent of a pronoun? Is there an exception? How do readers cope with it? How does Orwell distinguish characters introduced in pairs? Would pronouns do instead? What is the grammatical function of new characters? Do you have any advice about remembering numerous characters? 28

7. Integrating grammar with FL Grammatical gender in French: la table = feminine, e.g. Voici la table. Elle est ronde. le livre = masculine, e.g. Voici le livre. Il est bleu. Grammatical gender in English? no – unlike the French, we have sex. but suppose we did have grammatical gender. Frenglish: she table, e.g. Here’s she table. She is round. he book, e.g. Here’s he book. He is blue. 29

Gender and reference chains Why do so many languages have grammatical gender? One benefit is in reference tracking: English: I bought a book and put it on the table, but it fell down. What fell down? The book or the table? Frenglish: I bought ahe book and put it on she table, but she fell down. 30

8. Integrating grammar with thinking skills Kiswahili agreement kitu kizurigood thing vitu vizurigood things mtoto mzurigood person watoto wazurigood persons mto mzurigood stream mito mizurigood streams 31

Welcome to the UK Linguistics Olympiad! 32 Kitu kimoja kinaharibika.Something breaks. Vitu vimoja vinaharibika.Some things break. Kitu kimoja kiliharibika.Something broke. Vitu vimoja viliharibika.Some things broke. Ninaona kitu kimoja kilikioharibika.I see something that broke. Ninaona vitu vimoja vilivioharibika.I see some things that broke. Ninaona kitu kimoja nilikiokiharibisha.I see something that I broke. Ninaona vitu vimoja nilivioviharibisha.I see some things that I broke. kitabu kipyanew book ??new books break. ??I break some new books that I saw.

9. Conclusions Grammar is a tool-box for building complex meanings. An expert’s tool-box is bigger than a novice’s. An expert also understands the tool-box better and uses it more skilfully. Grammar teaching should promote growth, understanding and skill be integrated with the pupils’ total experience of language education. 33

Thank you. Remember, this show is at dickhudson.com/talks. For the Linguistics Olympiad, see 34