 Chapter 27: Nationalism and Revolutions Around the World

Section 1: Struggle in Latin America

1900s in Latin America  Latin America’s economy was based on exports  Latin America sent their natural resources and cash crops to industrial countries  Latin America was buying products made from the industrial countries

Governments Around Latin America  Uruguay and Argentina had democratic constitutions  Military and small group of wealthy held the power  Middle class peasants had little say in their government

The Mexican Revolution  dictator Porfiro Diaz ruled Mexico for 35 years  Diaz welcomed foreign investors to develop mines, railroads, and drilled for oil  Country’s prosperity benefitted only a small group  Most Mexican were Mestizo or Indian peasants  Peasants worked on haciendas- large plantations  Middle class wanted democracy and elite wanted power

The Mexican Revolution  Francisco Madero- liberal reformer- demanded free elections  Diaz resigned in 1911  Started a struggle over government form and leaders

Revolutions Lead to Change  voters elected Venustiano Carranza president of Mexico  Approved a new constitution that included land and labor reform  Constitution is still used today

Constitution of 1917  Addressed three major issues: land, religion, and labor  Constitution strengthened government control over the economy  The government placed restrictions on foreigners owning land  Allowed nationalization- government takeover of natural resources

Constitution of 1917  Church land was made “property of the nation”  Constitution set a minimum wage and protected workers right to strike  Constitution gave suffrage to men  Women could have the same jobs as men and same pay

The PRI Controls Mexico  Carranza was overthrown in 1920  government established Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)  PRI accommodated many groups in Mexican society  Suppressed opposition and dissent  Brought stability to Mexico  Dominated Mexican politics from 1930s to 2000

Reforms  1920s- government helped some Indian communities regain lands that had been taken from them  1930s- under President Lazaro Cardenas- millions of acres of land were redistributed to peasants under a communal land program  Government supported labor unions and launched an effort to combat illiteracy

Reforms  Mexico became the first Latin American nation to pursue real social and economic reforms for the majority of its people  Government also controlled the economy- specifically the petroleum companies

Nationalism at Work in Latin America  Spirit of nationalism- wanted to end economic dependence on the Industrial powers

Economic Nationalism  WWI and the Great Depression impacted global economies  Prices for Latin American exports plunged and demand dried up; cost of consumer goods rose  Latin American economies depended on export trade  Economic nationalism- emphasis on home control of the economy  Local entrepreneurs set up factories to produce goods  Governments raised tariffs to protect new industries  Governments invested directly into new business

Political Nationalism  Great Depression triggered political changes  Liberalism was found not to work in Latin America  People wanted a government that could control, direct, and protect each country’s economy

Cultural Nationalism  Pride in one’s own culture was reflected in the revival of mural painting, a major art form of the Aztecs and Mayas

Good Neighbor Policy   US were considered the international policemen  Driving Mexican Revolution- US stepped in to support the leaders that favored American interest  1930s- President Franklin Roosevelt- Good Neighbor Policy- US pledges to lessen the interference in the affairs of Latin America

Section 2: Nationalism in Africa and the Middle East

Africans Resist Colonial Rule  Early 1900s- almost every part of Africa was a European colony  Europeans forced Africans to work on farms and mines  The money that was earned in this work was given to taxes and to the European governments  Kenya and Rhodesia- white settlers forced Africans off the best land

Africans Resist Colonial Rule  Only Europeans could grow crops  Kenya- the British made all Africans carry an identification card, imposed a tax on only Africans, and restricted where they could live or travel  In other areas of Africa, the Africans were forced to grow only cash crops which caused famine  During WWI- more than 1 million Africans had fought on behalf of European powers

Opposing Imperialism  Many western-educated Africans criticized imperial rule  President Woodrow Wilson asked for self-determination  Socialism began to grow  Protests and opposition multiplied

Racial Segregation  whites strengthened their grip in South Africa  Imposed racial segregation  Goal: to ensure white economic, political, and social supremacy  South Africans were evicted from the best land  Europeans abolished the Africans right to vote

Apartheid  Apartheid- policy of rigid segregation became law  Nelson Mandela! South Africa

Nationalism and an “Africa for Africans”  Pan-Africanism- emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent world wide  Marcus Garvey- wanted an “Africa for Africans”  W.E.B DuBois- organized first Pan-African congress in 1919  Met at the Paris Peace Conference  Western powers ignored their demands  Pan-African Congress established cooperation among Africans and African leaders

Negritude Movement  Negritude Movement- writers expressed pride in their African roots and protested colonial rule

Middle Eastern Problems  Britain still controlled Egypt’s monarchy  Nationalist movements brought immense changes to the Middle East after WWI  Arab lands were divided between Britain and France

Ataturk  Turkish people resisted western rule  Ottoman sultan reluctantly signed the Treaty of Sevres- empire lost its Arab and North African lands  Mustafa Kemal- overthrew sultan and declared Turkey a republic  Kemal took the name Ataturk which means “father of the Turks”  Goal: modernize Turkey

Westernization Transforms Turkey  Ataturk government encouraged industrial expansion  Government built railroads, set up factories  Ruled with an iron hand  Transformed Turkey into a strong and modern power

Nationalism and Reform in Persia  Ataturk’s reforms inspired nationalists in Persia  Persians did not like European rule  Reza Khan was the leader in Persia in 1925  Rushed to modernize Persia  Built factories, roads, railroads, and strengthened the army  Forced Persians to wear western clothing  Changed the Islamic rule in the government to a secular law

Oil and Pan Arabism  Oil became a major factor after WWI and the Middle East is where the oil was  Pan-Arabism- grew after WWI  Arabian peninsula included Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, Algeria, and Morocco  Sought to free the Arab people from western rulers

Betrayed at the Paris Peace Conference  Arabs helped the Allies fight against the Central Powers  Allies carved up the Ottoman Empire  Gave France mandates in Syria and Lebanon  Britain had mandates in Palestine and Iraq  Britain gave a large part of Palestine mandate to TransJordan

Promises in Palestine  Theodor Herzl  Jewish people had the Zionist movement  Jewish community lived in Palestine during Biblical times  Balfour Declaration  British attempt to advocate for setting up a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine

Struggle for Jewish People  Tens of thousands of Jews immigrated to Palestine due to the Zionist movement and anti-Semitism  Arab people were already in Palestine  Arabs at first welcomed the new wave of money and technology  Arabs then began to place harsh restrictions on Jews

Section 3: India Seeks Self-Rule

Section 3: India Seeks Self Rule  Amritsar Massacre:  Causes:  British General Dyer had outlawed public meetings  Peaceful crown gathers and British open fire and kill over 350 and wound over a thousand  Britain promised Indians greater self government after the war, but they never fulfilled that promise  Effects:  Indian feelings in the INC changed from pushing for self rule to full independence from Britain

Mohandas Gandhi  Joined a law firm in S. Africa – faced racial predjustice  Fought laws with non-violent resistance – Satyagraha “Soul Force” (his nonviolent passive resistance)  Ahisma – ancient doctrine of non-violence and respect for life  Rejected Caste system inequalities and embraced western thought such as democracy and nationalism as well as Christian thought  Refused to obey unjust laws – civil disobedience  Organized boycotts of British goods – especially textiles and encouraged people to wear home spun cotton clothing (called a dhoti)  Symbol is the spinning wheel

The Salt March  Causes :  British Salt Monopoly – could only buy British Salt  Indians were forbidden to touch the salt on the coast  Events  March 12 – March to the sea gathered followers as they marched  April 6 – Gandhi touched the salt on the coast and was jailed

The Salt March  Effects :  Followers sold salt on the streets  Countries began writing stories about the brutality administered to the Indians by the British  How do you think Indians were viewed in newspapers around the world?  Non-violence persevered and Britain began to hand over power to the Indians

Muslim vs. Hindu  Tensions between the two groups  Muslim League – Muhammad Ali Jinnah  Supported a separate Muslim state  Tensions lead to Britain partitioning the subcontinent  Pakistan for the Muslims and India for the Hindus  Britain worked to keep the population divided, why?  Sikh and Hindu mobs slaughtered Muslims going into Pakistan, Muslims massacred Hindus  Gandhi used satyagraha to try and restore peace – Famous hunger strike  He was killed by a Hindu extremists in 1948