Russia Made by: Lyamkina Yulia

The Russian Federation Flag and coat of arms

Some interesting facts Capital (and largest city)- Moscow Ethnic groups 79.8% Russian 3.8% Tatar 2.0% Ukrainian 1.2% Bashkir 1.1% Chuvash 12.1% others

Government: Federal semi- presidential republic President: Dmitry Medvedev Prime Minister: Vladimir Putin Chairman of the Federation Council: Sergey Mironov Chairman of the State Duma:Boris Gryzlov

Legislature: Federal Assembly Upper House : Federation Council Lower House : State Duma Currency: Ruble (RUB) Area Total : 17,075,400 km2 6,592,800 sq mi

Russoa-is a transcontinental country extending over much of northern Eurasia. It is a semi- presidential republic comprising 83 federal subjects. Russia shares land borders with the following countries (counterclockwise from northwest to southeast): Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania (via Kaliningrad Oblast), Poland ( Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and Democratic People's Republic of Koreatranscontinental countryEurasiasemi- presidentialrepublicfederal subjects land bordersNorway FinlandEstoniaLatviaLithuaniaKaliningrad OblastPoland Kaliningrad OblastBelarus UkraineGeorgiaAzerbaijan KazakhstanChinaMongolia Democratic People's Republic of Korea

Geography

The Russian Federation stretches across a large extent of the north of the super- continent of Eurasia. Because of its size, Russia displays both monotony and diversity. As with its topography, its climates, vegetation, and soils span vast distances.From north to south the East European Plain is clad sequentially in tundra, coniferous forest (taiga), mixed and broad-leaf forests, grassland (steppe), and semi-desert (fringing the Caspian Sea) as the changes in vegetation reflect the changes in climate. Siberia supports a similar sequence but is taiga. The country contains 23 World Heritage Sites and 40 UNESCO Biosphere reservesEurasiaEast European Plain tundrataigasteppe Caspian Sea SiberiaWorld Heritage SitesBiosphere reserves

Topography The two widest separated points in Russia are about 8,000 km (5,000 mi) apart along a geodesic line. geodesic

The plains of Western Siberia, Vasyugan River, Tomsk Oblast SiberiaVasyugan River Tomsk Oblast

SochiSochi, Krasnodar KraiKrasnodar Krai

Climate The climate of the Russian Federation formed under the influence of several determining factors. The enormous size of the country and the remoteness of many areas from the sea result in the dominance of the humid continental and subarctic climate, which is prevalent in European and Asian Russia except for the tundra and the extreme southeast. Mountains in the south obstructing the flow of warm air masses from the Indian Ocean and the plain of the west and north makes the country open to Arctic and Atlantic influences.humid continentalsubarctic climate

Imperial Russia Under the Romanov dynasty and Peter I (Peter the Great), the Russian Empire became a world power. Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War, forcing it to cede West Karelia and Ingria (two regions lost by Russia in the Time of Troubles), Estland, and Livland, securing Russia's access to the sea and sea tradeRomanov dynastyPeter ISweden Great Northern War KareliaIngriaTime of Troubles EstlandLivland

Government and politics According to the Constitution, which was adopted by national referendum on 12 December 1993 following the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, Russia is a federation and formally a semi- presidential republic, wherein the President is the head of state[89] and the Prime Minister is the head of government. The Russian Federation is fundamentally structured as a representative democracy.Constitution1993 Russian constitutional crisis federationsemi- presidentialrepublic Presidenthead of state[89]Prime Ministerhead of governmentrepresentative democracy

Entrance to the Kremlin Senate, part of the Moscow Kremlin and the working residence of the Russian president Kremlin Senate Moscow Kremlin

The White House, the seat of the Russian GovernmentWhite HouseRussian Government

President Dmitry Medvedev and Prime Minister Vladimir PutinPresidentDmitry Medvedev Prime Minister Vladimir Putin

The federal government is composed of three branches: Legislative: the bicameral Federal Assembly, made up of the State Duma and the Federation Council adopts federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse, and has power of impeachment, by which it can remove the President. Federal AssemblyState Duma Federation Council federal lawdeclares war power of the purseimpeachment

Executive: The president is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before they become law, and appoints the Cabinet and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.Executivepresident commander-in-chieflegislative bills Judiciary: The Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, Supreme Court of Arbitration and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president, interpret laws and can overturn laws they deem unconstitutional.JudiciaryConstitutional Court Supreme CourtSupreme Court of Arbitrationfederal courtsunconstitutional

Map of the federal subjects of the Russian Federationfederal subjects

Foreign relations and military The Russian Federation is recognized in international law as continuing the legal personality of the former Soviet Union. Russia continues to implement the international commitments of the USSR, and has assumed the USSR's permanent seat on the UN Security Council, membership in other international organizations, the rights and obligations under international treaties and property and debts. Russia has a multifaceted foreign policyUN Security Council

Leaders of the BRIC nations in 2008: Manmohan Singh of India, Dmitry Medvedev of Russia, Hu Jintao of China and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil. BRIC Manmohan SinghHu JintaoLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva

Russian paratroopers at an exercise in KazakhstanRussian paratroopers Kazakhstan

Economy

The economic crisis that struck all post-Soviet countries in the 1990s was twice as intense as the Great Depression in the countries of Western Europe and the United States in the 1930s.Even before the financial crisis of 1998, Russia's GDP was half of what it had been in the early 1990s. Since the turn of the century, rising oil prices, increased foreign investment, higher domestic consumption and greater political stability have bolstered economic growth in Russia Great DepressionGDP

A Rosneft petrol station. Russia is the world's leading natural gas exporter and the second leading oil exporter.Rosneft

Russia is Europe's key oil and gas supplieroilgas

Demographics Ethnic composition Russians79.8%Russians Tatars3.8%Tatars Ukrainians2.0%Ukrainians Chuvash1.1%Chuvash Chechen0.9%Chechen Armenians0.8%Armenians

According to preliminary estimates, the resident population of the Russian Federation on 1 January 2009 was million people

Education Russia has a free education system guaranteed to all citizens by the Constitution,and has a literacy rate of 99.4%. Entry to higher education is highly competitive.As a result of great emphasis on science and technology in education, Russian medical, mathematical, scientific, and space and aviation research is generally of a high orderliteracy

Moscow State University

Language Russia's 160 ethnic groups speak some 100 languages.According to the 2002 census, million people speak Russian, followed by Tatar with 5.3 million and German with 2.9 million speakers.Russian is the only official state language, but the Constitution gives the individual republics the right to make their native language co-official next to RussianTatar republics

Countries where the Russian language is spoken Russian language

Religion Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Judaism are Russia’s traditional religions, deemed part of Russia's "historical heritage" in a law passed in Estimates of believers widely fluctuate among sources, and some reports put the number of non-believers in Russia as high as 16–48% of the population.ChristianityIslamBuddhismJudaism

Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, demolished during the Soviet period, was reconstructed from 1990–2000Cathedral of Christ the Saviour

Classical music and ballet Russia's large number of ethnic groups have distinctive traditions of folk music. Music in 19th century Russia was defined by the tension between classical composer Mikhail Glinka and his followers, who embraced Russian national identity and added religious and folk elements to their compositions, and the Russian Musical Society led by composers Anton and Nikolay Rubinstein, which was musically conservative. The later Romantic tradition of Tchaikovsky, one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era whose music has come to be known and loved for its distinctly Russian character as well as its rich harmonies and stirring melodies, was brought into the 20th century by Sergei Rachmaninoff, one of the last great champions of the Romantic style of European classical musicfolk musicMikhail Glinkahis followersRussian Musical SocietyAntonNikolay RubinsteinTchaikovskyRomantic eraSergei Rachmaninoff

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840–1893), composer

The Bolshoi Theatre. Currently, it is undergoing a four-year, $730 million restorationBolshoi Theatre