 Why did the Persians attack Greece?  What famous battle started the Persian wars?  Who were the father and son that led Persia during the Persian wars?

 Identify Pericles's three goals for Athens  Describe Greek styles in Art  Explain the major conflicts in the Peloponnesian war  Identify the contributions of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle  SOL 5d. Evaluate significance of Persian and Peloponnesian wars  SOL 5e. Characterize life in Athens during the Golden Age of Pericles  SOL 5f. Cite contributions in drama, poetry, history, sculpture, architecture, science, mathematics, and philosophy

 Athens just out of Persian wars  Leading member of Delian league  Led to Golden Age  Drama  Sculpture  Poetry  Philosophy  Architecture  science

 Led Athens through Golden Age  B.C.E.  Skillful politician, inspiring speaker, respected general  Three goals  Strengthen Athenian democracy  Hold and strengthen the empire  Glorify Athens

 Increased # of public officials  Only wealthy could hold office before b/c positions were unpaid  Increased paid salaries  Made Athens one of the most democratic governments in history  Introduction of direct democracy  Citizens rule directly and not through representatives  Males who served in the assembly established all important policies

 Direct democracy  Large number of citizens involved with government (mass meetings)  Assembly was strong, 43,000 members  Meetings every 10 days on a hillside  Only 6,000 present  Paid a stipend to men who held public office- meant even poor could take part

 Created Juries  10 generals ran day to day affairs  Practiced Ostracism  Protected Athens from over-ambitious politicians  Could banish them from Athens  Bannished for 10 years

 Pericles wanted to enlarge wealth and power of Athens  Used money from Delian league to build Navy  Strengthened safety of empire  Prosperity depended on waterways  Needed overseas trade to obtain grain and other raw materials

 Used money to beautify Athens  Buy gold, ivory, and marble  Used to build Parthenon  Pay artisans

 Traditional style  Parthenon  Used for 200 years  Set standards for future artists  Sculpture  Phidias  Sculpture of Athena  Figures that were graceful, strong, and perfectly formed  Faces only showed serenity  Classical Art  Valued order, balance, and proportion

 Balance, Harmony  Parthenon: simple rectangle, tall columns, gently sloping roof  Columns: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian

 By 450 B.C. Greek Sculptors feature natural poses  Carved gods, goddesses, men, women to most perfect and graceful form.

 Developed own style “classical”  Epics

 Greeks invented it  Productions in Athens were both an expression of civic pride and tribute to the gods  Actors used colorful costumes, masks, and sets to dramatize stories about leadership, justice, and the duties owed to the gods.  Two kinds of plays:  Tragedy  Comedy

 1 st plays out of religious festivals  Performed in large outdoor theaters  Chorus sang or chanted comments on the action  Explored the relationships between people and the gods

 Tragedies: told stories of human suffering that usually ended in disaster  Purpose to stir emotions of pity and fear

 Serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal  Featured:  Main character, or tragic hero  Often had extraordinary talents and a tragic flaw  Flaw led to hero’s downfall  Three famous dramatists:  Aeschylus  The Oresteia  Wrote more than 80 plays  Sophocles  Oedipus, Antigone  Wrote more than 100 plays  Euripides  Medea  Sympathetic to women

 Powerful family torn apart by betrayal, murder, and revenge  Saw how pride could cause horrifying misfortune and how gods could bring down even the greatest heroes

 Explored what happens when an individuals’ moral duty conflicts with the laws of the state  Young women whose brother killed in rebellion  King forbids her to bury him, she does anyways  She is sentenced to death  Duty to gods is greater than human law

 Contained scenes filled with slap-stick and crude humor  Often satires  Works that poked fun at the subject  Customs, politics, respected people  Aristophanes  The Birds  Lysistrata  Allowed for free discussion and criticism

 Herodotus “father of history”  Visited lands, chronicled information  Thucydides wrote about Peloponnesian war  Lived through the war  Vividly described savagery  Set standards for future historians

 “I shall go forward with my history, describing equally the greater and the lesser cities. For the cities which were formerly great have most of them become insignificant; and such as are at present powerful, were weak…. I shall therefore discourse equally on both, convinced that human happiness never continues long in one stay.”  Herodotus

 Sparta declared war on Athens 431 B.C.E.  Called Peloponnesian War  Advantages:  Athens: Navy  Sparta: Infantry  Sparta attacks:  Sparta invades Athens  Burned countryside and food supply  Pericles had everyone come into city behind walls  Problems for Athens:  Plague in 432 B.C.E.  Navy defeated when they attacked Spartan ally Syracuse in 413 B.C.E.

 War continued for 9 years until Athens surrendered  27 years of war  Athens loses empire  Confidence in democratic government wanes  Greece weakening, while Macedonia is rising to power  History: Thucydides account of the war  Set example for historians  Condemned atrocities  Objective approach

 Philosophers  Lovers of wisdom  Determined to seek truth  Based on two assumptions  Universe was put together in orderly way and subject to unchanging laws  People can understand through logic and reason  Sophists  Questioned unexamined beliefs  Protagoras- questioned existence of Greek Gods  Said no universal truth  Three famous philosophers  Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

 Beliefs:  Absolute standards for truth and justice  Question yourself and moral character  Socratic method  Quote:  “the unexamined life is not worth living”  Trial:  At age 70 brought to trial for “corrupting the youths of Athens”  Argued his defense  Was condemned to death

 Student of Socrates  Wrote The Republic  His vision of a perfect society  Not a democracy  Three groups:  Artisans, warriors, ruling class  Ruled by philosopher- king  Lasting Importance  Dominated European philosophical thought for 1,500 years

 Inspired by Socrates death  Set up a school called “the Academy”  Emphasized reason  What is reality?  What is good?  Men smarter than women  Women should be educated to serve state

 Beliefs:  Questioned nature of the world and human belief, thought, and knowledge  Invented method of arguing  Applied method to psychology, physics, and biology  Basis of scientific method  Famous student:  Alexander the Great

 Plato’s most famous student  Good and bad examples of all governments  Suspicious of democracy  Favored strong single ruler  Should pursue the “golden mean”  Introduced the thought processes of natural science and the observation of nature into the history of ideas  Set up a school, the Lyceum, studied all branches of knowledge

 Why do they use sterilized needles for death by lethal injection?  Why do Kamikaze pilots wear helmets?  If the universe is everything and scientists say it is expanding, what is it expanding into?  When you choke a smurf, what color does it turn?  Why do we park on driveways and drive on parkways?  Define success  The world would be a better place without what?  Can you prove to me that you exist?  Is money the root of all evil?  Would you kill one person to save a thousand?