Japan and Post-2012 Climate Change Framework Takashi Hattori (APEC Secretariat) 11-12 October 2007 Conference on Climate Change and Security in Asia

Outlines – Japan and Post-2012 CC Framework Security and Climate Change – Japan’s view Environment Council’s Report on Climate Security Japan’s “Cool Earth 50” Proposal Towards Post-2012 Climate Change Framework Recommendations

Security and Climate Change – Japan’s view Comprehensive Security Comprehensive Security Study Group [1980] Comprehensive Security Strategy. - Defend nation from military threat - Maintain free and open international order - Realize energy security - Achieve food security - Take measures against natural disasters

Security and Climate Change – Japan’s view Human Security (1) UNDP [1994] Human Development Report - Economic Security - Food Security - Health Security - Environmental Security - Personal Security - Community Security - Political Security ( http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/1994/en/pdf/hdr_1994_ch2.pdf ) UN Trust Fund for Human Security -- was established in 1999 on the basis of the contribution from Japan.

Security and Climate Change – Japan’s view Human Security (2) UN Commission on Human Security -- was established in 2001 under the initiative of Japan and UN Secretary-General. Co-Chairs: Mrs. Sadako Ogata, Former United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Prof. Amartya Sen, Master, Trinity College, Cambridge University “Outline of the Report of the Commission on Human Security” [2003] http://www.humansecurity-chs.org/finalreport/Outlines/outline.pdf “The focus must broaden from the state to the security of people - to human security.” “Human security complements state security, furthers human development and enhances human rights. It complements state security by being people-centered and addressing insecurities that have not been considered as state security threats.”

Environment Council’s Report on Climate Security Sub-Committee on International Climate Change Strategy, Global Environmental Committee, Central Environment Council [May, 2007] Who must act: Fundamentally, nations must act. … However, measures to respond to changes in the climate, a "global public good," must involve all corporations, organizations and individuals, since there are many activities that are not determined by national governments, and which must be dealt with by all related stakeholders. What values to protect? What must be protected is the safety and welfare of citizens. What threats? The threats from climate change caused by emissions of greenhouse gases are broad, imperiling food production and economic activities, and harming the ecosystems that form the basis for these activities; these problems in turn may give rise to international conflicts. In what manner? Each nation must not only develop appropriate mitigation and adaptation measures based on scientific data, but must also cooperate with international society in order to protect the climate which serves as a global public good.

Japan’s “Cool Earth 50” Proposal Prime Minister Abe’s Speech Prime Minister Abe, Invitation to “Cool Earth 50” - 3 Proposals, 3 Principles - May 24, 2007 http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/abespeech/2007/05/24speech_e.html “Asia is the center of growth in the world, and if we neglect this issue in Asia, we run the risk of giving deep negative impacts for the future of the entire world.” Proposal 1: Long-Term Strategy Proposal 2: Mid-Term Strategy Proposal 3: Launching a National Campaign for Achieving the Kyoto Protocol Target

Japan’s “Cool Earth 50” Proposal Concerns The first concern is that endeavors to reduce greenhouse gas emissions would hinder economic growth. I believe it is possible to maintain economic growth while promoting emission reduction by rallying human wisdom to develop technologies and reform social life. In particular, Japan, as a country with advanced technologies, can make a significant contribution to making them compatible. The second concern is that even if your own country takes steps to address the issue, it will not lead to the resolution of the issue on a global scale unless other countries also take action. This is absolutely true. Global warming is an issue that should be addressed by the entire world. The entire world lives on the same Earth and breathes the same air. This is precisely why it is indispensable to establish a new framework in which both industrialized and developing countries address this issue together. The third concern is the argument that goes: is it not unfair to ask developing countries to take steps. The reality is that some of the developing countries are emitting substantial amounts of greenhouse gases, and their participation is indispensable. I believe it is possible to establish an equitable framework by making a mechanism which enables each country to take measures according to its responsibility and capability. At the same time, by promoting technology transfers from industrialized countries to developing countries, we must also narrow the gap between our capabilities to respond to this issue.

Japan’s “Cool Earth 50” Proposal Long-Term Strategy Setting a long-term target of cutting global emissions by half from the current level by 2050 as a common goal for the entire world. Presenting a long-term vision for developing innovative technologies and building a low carbon society, centering on those technologies.

Japan’s “Cool Earth 50” Proposal Mid-Term Strategy – 3 principles (1) The first principle is that all major emitters must participate, thus moving beyond the Kyoto Protocol, leading to global reduction of emissions. The post-2013 framework for combating global warming must make greater strides than the current Kyoto Protocol towards the global goal of halving emissions by 2050. To that end, we must create a framework in which all major emitters of carbon dioxide participate, including the United States, the world's largest, China, the second largest, and India, the fifth largest.

Japan’s “Cool Earth 50” Proposal Mid-Term Strategy – 3 principles (2) The second principle is that the framework must be flexible and diverse, taking into consideration the circumstances of each country. Each country has an obligation to reduce emissions under the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities." The measures by industrialized and developing countries do not need to be the same, and even within developing countries, capabilities and circumstances differ between emerging economies and other countries. The framework must, therefore, be flexible and diverse so as to enable each country to maximize its efforts to reduce emissions.

Japan’s “Cool Earth 50” Proposal Mid-Term Strategy – 3 principles (3) The third principle is that the framework must achieve compatibility between environmental protection and economic growth by utilizing energy conservation and other technologies. A global response will require compatibility with each country's economic growth. If the framework required economic growth to be sacrificed, the participation of many countries cannot be expected. The key to achieving compatibility is technological development and its widespread use. The participation of the entire world will become possible by creating a framework which promotes advancements in and use of cutting-edge technologies such as hybrid cars and solar batteries.

Towards Post-2012 Climate Change Framework June 2007 Heiligendamm Summit (G8) September 2007 APEC Leaders’ Meeting November 2007 East Asia Summit December 2007 COP13 July 2008 Hokkaido Toyako Summit (G8)

Recommendations Recommendation 1. Climate change must be considered as a comprehensive/ human security concern. Recommendation 2. All nations must choose a development path towards a low-carbon society. Recommendation 3. All stakeholders must re-consider consumption and production pattern. Recommendation 4. Innovative technologies must be developed and disseminated. Recommendation 5. Post-2012 Climate Change Framework must consider long-term objective and mid-term measures.