Ch. 15 PPT Ferment and Reform of Culture Charles G. Finney Dorothea Dix Great Awakening

TMWK CH 15 1.Pg 321 What were the Protestant camp meetings like and what did they spark? 2.Pg 322 Picture & Quote Describe Charles G. Finney’s work as an evangelist and his beliefs

Liberalism & Revival of Religion Deism: Relied on reason instead of revelation, science rather than Bible. Denied Christ’s divinity. Unitarianism: God existed in one person (uni) and not in the Trinity (God the Father, God the Son, Holy Spirit.) Denied Christ’s divinity. Salvation through good works. Transcendentalism: Leader Ralph Waldo Emerson Belief in ideal spirituality that "transcends" the physical and empirical - Realized only through the individual's intuition (inner light) instead of doctrines of established religions. Rose up as protest against Unitarianism. Growing liberalism (Deism and Unitarianism) in religion brought religious revival in 1800.

Second Great Awakening Religious revival brought: conversion of souls, shattered and reorganized churches, new sects of religion, reform movements. Spread to frontier by huge “camp meetings.” Preachers taught spiritual worth of women and their role in bringing their family back to God. Feminization of religion: Middle-class women were 1st and most fervent revivalists - made up most of new church members. Women formed charitable organizations and began crusades for reforms.

Leaders in the Awakening Methodist Peter Cartwright: traveling frontier circuit preacher–thousands of souls converted to Christianity Charles Finney 1830s: led revivals in NY. Denounced alcohol & slavery. Encouraged women to pray in public. Later became Pres of Oberlin College. Charles G. Finney

Denominational Diversity 1830s Central and Western NY – “Burned-Over District”: this area was heavily evangelized. Millerites or “Adventists”: named after William Miller s several hundred thousand believers in “Burned Over District,” 1857 Presbyterians of North and South divided.

TMWK 3. Pg 325 Where did the Mormons move after Joseph Smith’s death? Name two Mormon settlements.

Mormonism – Latter Day Saints Founder Joseph Smith: received Book of Mormon from an angel. Issues: Polygamy, voting as a church unit, drilling their militia for defense Joseph Smith murdered; Brigham Young became leader of Mormons : led Mormons to Utah; became a prosperous frontier theocracy. Congress passes anti-polygamy law in 1862 & 1882.

Free Schools “Free” public schools opposed by many, since tax money needed to be used to pay for schools : tax supported education grew – needed for social stability and democracy. Early schools stayed open only few months. Horace Mann: campaigned for more & better schoolhouses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers Noah Webster (improved textbooks): reading lessons used by millions of students. Developed dictionary which standardized American language. William McGuffey: McGuffey’s grade-school readers

TMWK 4. Pg 327 Which was the first co-educational school for higher education that accepted women?

Higher Learning Religious zeal led to planting of denominational liberal arts colleges in South and West. 1st state supported universities sprang up in South, beginning with N. Carolina. 1819: Univ of Virginia – Thomas Jefferson Emma Willard: established the Troy, Female Seminary Oberlin College in Ohio Mary Lyon: established women’s school – Mount Holyoke Seminary (College) in MA. Lyceum Lecture Associations: Traveling lecturers gave talks on science, literature, philosophy (ie Ralph Waldo Emerson)

TMWK 5. Pg 329 What reform did Dorothea Dix champion?

Age of Reform Imprisonment for debt continued thru 1830; gradually state legislatures abolished debtor’s prisons. Capital offenses reduced - brutal punishments slowly being eliminated. New idea: prisons shouldn’t only punish, but reform criminals. Dorothea Dix: New England teacher – traveled & gathered data on poor treatment of mentally ill; became their advocate. Resulted in improving mental health care conditions in asylums. American Peace Society 1828: Leader William Ladd - Established to make war on war

Prominent Women Emma Willard Dorothea Dix Mary Lyon

Reforms Cont. American Temperance Society 1826: temperance pledge to abstain from drinking distilled beverages. Neal Dow: “Father of Prohibition” sponsored 1851 Maine Law - prohibited manufacture/sale of liquor. 12 states passed similar laws; some were repealed or declared unconstitutional.

TMWK 6. Pg 331 Which two prominent women played an important role in women’s rights? In what spheres did they work for women’s rights?

Women in Society Women = keepers of society’s consciences - responsibility to teach children how to be good and productive citizens. “Cult of Domesticity” – home was woman’s sphere. Gender differences strongly emphasized. Women’s Rights Movement: 1. Lucretia Mott – Quaker, abolitionist, social reformer, pro women’s rights. 2. Elizabeth Cady Stanton – Leader of women’s rights: Declaration of Sentiments written at 1st Women’s Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, NY.

Leaders in Women’s Rights Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Utopias More than 40 utopian (cooperative & communistic) communities set up – people living together sharing common beliefs, possessions, resources, sometimes income/work. -Robert Owen: New Harmony, Indiana – set up by religious group = Harmonists. -Oneida Community 1848: Religious commune (communal property and possessions) in NY; manufactured silverware and steel animal traps. All expected to work. -Shakers 1770s: Leader Ann Lee; religious communities set up – Celibacy and gender equality.

TMWK 7. Pg 341 Quote Describe two points of Henry David Thoreau’s argument for Civil Disobedience.

National Literature Washington Irving: “Rip Van Winkle,” “Legend of Sleepy Hollow,” and Knickerbocker’s History of NY. James Fenimore Cooper: 1st American novelist, Leatherstocking Tales, Last of the Mohicans. Henry David Thoreau: Walden: Or Life in the Woods, Civil Disobedience (Influenced Gandhi and Dr. MLK, Jr.) Louisa May Alcott: Little Women Poet Emily Dickinson: Refused to publish poems. At her death - 2,000 poems found and printed.