The Ferment of Reform and Culture Chapter 15

Second Great Awakening ¾ of 23 million Americans attended church ¾ of 23 million Americans attended church Calvinist rigor had long been abandon – new religions like Unitarianism appealed the highly educated Calvinist rigor had long been abandon – new religions like Unitarianism appealed the highly educated 1800 reaction of the growing liberalism of religion – Second Great Awakening 1800 reaction of the growing liberalism of religion – Second Great Awakening Religious revival that bubbled up in different areas of America life Religious revival that bubbled up in different areas of America life Led to reform movement like temperance, abolition, suffrage and prison reform Led to reform movement like temperance, abolition, suffrage and prison reform

Second Great Awakening Spread to the masses by huge “camp meetings” Spread to the masses by huge “camp meetings” Many were converted to the Methodist and Baptist faiths Many were converted to the Methodist and Baptist faiths Peter Cartwright and Charles Grandison Finney were revival preachers Peter Cartwright and Charles Grandison Finney were revival preachers The Second Great Awakening appealed the women – they were the first to become members in the religious revival The Second Great Awakening appealed the women – they were the first to become members in the religious revival The middle classes were affected the most by the Second Great Awakening The middle classes were affected the most by the Second Great Awakening Northern and Southern churches were split over the slavery issue Northern and Southern churches were split over the slavery issue

Mormons 1830 – Joseph Smith proclaimed that angel appeared to him and presented him with golden plates – Book of Mormon 1830 – Joseph Smith proclaimed that angel appeared to him and presented him with golden plates – Book of Mormon The Church of Latter Day Saints formed The Church of Latter Day Saints formed Mormons were greatly dislike because of religious practices Mormons were greatly dislike because of religious practices J. Smith and his brother were killed in Illinois J. Smith and his brother were killed in Illinois Brigham Young ( ) led the group to Utah Brigham Young ( ) led the group to Utah In a few years the settlement at Utah had reached 5,000 In a few years the settlement at Utah had reached 5,000

Reform in Education Few tax supported schools Few tax supported schools With the common man obtaining the vote there was a great need to educate the masses With the common man obtaining the vote there was a great need to educate the masses “A civilized nation could not be both ignorant and free” “A civilized nation could not be both ignorant and free” 1 st public schools were very poor 1 st public schools were very poor Horace Mann worked to reform the public school system Horace Mann worked to reform the public school system He is known as the Father of the Public School System He is known as the Father of the Public School System

Higher Education and Women 1820s – Emma Willard established Troy Female Seminary 1820s – Emma Willard established Troy Female Seminary 1837 Oberlin College opened doors to women 1837 Oberlin College opened doors to women 1837 Mary Lyon established Mount Holyoke Seminary 1837 Mary Lyon established Mount Holyoke Seminary

Notable Reformers and Reform Movements End to imprisonment for debt and brutal punishments (whipping and branding were reduced) End to imprisonment for debt and brutal punishments (whipping and branding were reduced) Dorothea Dix worked for the mentally ill Dorothea Dix worked for the mentally ill Temperance – alcohol led to accidents on the job, fouled the sanctity of the family and threaten the spiritual welfare and safety of women and children Temperance – alcohol led to accidents on the job, fouled the sanctity of the family and threaten the spiritual welfare and safety of women and children Suffrage Movement – led by Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, and Margaret Fuller Suffrage Movement – led by Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, and Margaret Fuller Meeting at Seneca Falls resulted in the writing of the Declaration of Sentiments Meeting at Seneca Falls resulted in the writing of the Declaration of Sentiments

National Literature Washington Irving – Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle Washington Irving – Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle James Fenimore Cooper – The Spy, Last of the Mohicans James Fenimore Cooper – The Spy, Last of the Mohicans Transcendentalist Movement (1830s) resulted in part from the liberalizing of the straight jacket Puritan theology Transcendentalist Movement (1830s) resulted in part from the liberalizing of the straight jacket Puritan theology Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau – Walden: Or Life in the Woods Henry David Thoreau – Walden: Or Life in the Woods Walt Whitman – Leaves of Grass Walt Whitman – Leaves of Grass

Literary Giants Henry Wadsworth Longfellow – poet “Evangeline”, “The Song of Hiawatha”, and “The Courtship of Miles Standish” Henry Wadsworth Longfellow – poet “Evangeline”, “The Song of Hiawatha”, and “The Courtship of Miles Standish” Louisa May Alcott – Little Women Louisa May Alcott – Little Women Emily Dickinson – poet Emily Dickinson – poet Edgar Allen Poe Edgar Allen Poe Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804 – 1864) Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804 – 1864) Scarlet Letter Herman Melville – Moby Dick Herman Melville – Moby Dick