Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 40 A World Without Borders

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 Economic Globalization International Monetary Fund (IMF, founded 1944)  Expansion of free trade General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT, 1947)  123 member nations World Trade Organization (WTO), takes over from GATT in 1995) Global corporations expand, treat globe as single market  Decentralize as necessary to take maximum advantage of regional markets, labor pools, taxation policies Implications for exploitation of human and natural resources

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 Economic Growth in Asia Japan benefits from Marshall Plan, treaty limitations on defense spending Massive postwar economic expansion, slowed in 1990s  The “Little Tigers”: Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan imitate Japanese strategies China integrates elements of market economy, benefits from huge cheap labor pool But interrelated economies fragile, financial crisis in 1997

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 Trading Blocs European Union  Six nations when formed in 1957  MAESTRICHT TREATY of 1993: Moving toward political integration  EURO: Common currency for most of union established in 2002 (17 of 27 states)

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 Trading Blocs Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)  Established 1960, dominated by Arab and Muslim countries  : Used economic might to place embargo on US oil

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Trading Blocs Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)  United States, Mexico, and Canada engaged in removal of restrictions and tariffs on trade

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Consumption and Cultural Interaction “Americanization” or “McDonaldization”  American culture exported  focus on efficiency Yet cultural borrowings from non-American societies Internal transformations: Latino culture in America English language becomes predominant  Influence of British colonialism, America, the Internet

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 World Population by Region, (Projected)

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 World Population, (Projected)

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 The Club of Rome CLUB OF ROME: A global “think tank” formed in 1968 whose mission was to address the future of humanity Scientists attempting to define planet’s “carrying capacity”, formed report: The Limits of Growth Criticized for some erroneous predictions (depletion of oil, gas, uranium, etc.) 1999 revision: Beyond the Limits  Posited a dark future

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 Environmental Impact Biodiversity under threat: 4500 animal species threatened Global warming  Greenhouse gases  1997: Kyoto Accords  rejected by GW Bush administration in 2002 Human mortality rate declines steadily, several regions work on birth control measures

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 Economic Inequities Regional poverty a persistent problem Unequal distribution of resources  Impact of colonialism Slavery abolished in Saudi Arabia, Angola in 1960s; forced indenture remains in place in developing world  International Labor Organization of the UN: 250 million children, ages 5-14, work, esp. southeast Asia  Global trafficking of human slaves

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 The AIDS Crisis 1981: Acquired Immunodeficiency Virus (AIDS) identified in New York, San Francisco  Homosexual men, drug users, later spread to other populations Crisis especially pronounced in Africa Treatments (not cures) available, but prohibitively expensive

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Adults and children estimated to be living with HIV/AIDS as of December 2003

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Global Terrorism TERRORISM: Deliberate, systematic use of violence against civilians Cheaper, more effective than conventional war, thus accessible to smaller groups

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Global Terrorism September 11, 2001: Four American planes hijacked by terrorists  Crash into World Trade Center buildings (NYC), Pentagon, field in Pennsylvania (passengers thwarted intended target)  Masterminded by Islamic extremist Osama bin Laden ( ), leader of al- Qaeda (“the Base”)

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 War in Afghanistan and Iraq US President George W. Bush (1946- ) invades Afghanistan to destroy al- Qaeda training bases Overthrows Taliban government  Islamic fundamentalist regime Invasion of Iraq to overthrow Saddam Hussein, perceived as ally of bin Laden

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 Non-Governmental Agencies (NGOs) Red Cross, Red Crescent: public health, humanitarian aid Greenpeace (founded 1970): environmental causes

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 The United Nations Superseded by the League of Nations ( ) UN CHARTER (1945): Mission of maintaining international peace and security Weak body in military areas, influential in larger public health projects  Eradication of smallpox Supporters of universal human rights

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 The United Nations

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Global Feminism Displaced from jobs by returning soldiers after World War II, women in industrialized nations agitate for equal opportunities Demand control over bodies: access to birth control and abortion, achieved in 1960s and 1970s Arab and Muslim lands: continued gaps in literacy Increasing number of women national leaders  Indira Ghandi (India), Golda Meir (Israel), Margaret Thatcher (UK)

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 Migration Patterns Rural areas depopulating to urban regions Creation of slums Immigration for economic reasons Refugees fleeing war, poverty Tourism increasingly common in 21 st century