The Renaissance Primavera by Botticelli

The Italian Renaissance Renaissance means “rebirth” or revival of the classical age of Greece and Rome Renaissance means “rebirth” or revival of the classical age of Greece and Rome Began in Italy Began in Italy Art, literature, learning Art, literature, learning Spread throughout Europe Spread throughout Europe Palazzo Della Signoria in Florence, Italy

Features of the Renaissance Rediscovery of Greco-Roman civilization Rediscovery of Greco-Roman civilization Emphasized reason, questioning, experimentation and free inquiry (in contrast to Middle Ages - faith, authority, tradition) Emphasized reason, questioning, experimentation and free inquiry (in contrast to Middle Ages - faith, authority, tradition) Glorified the individual & worldly pleasures Glorified the individual & worldly pleasures Viewed life as worthwhile for its own sake, not just in preparation for the afterlife Viewed life as worthwhile for its own sake, not just in preparation for the afterlife Focus on secular (worldly) society, not just religious affairs; urban (city) Focus on secular (worldly) society, not just religious affairs; urban (city) Great works of art, literature, and science Great works of art, literature, and science

Features of the Renaissance cont. Urban Movement Urban Movement Recovery from the disasters of the 14 th century Recovery from the disasters of the 14 th century Black Death Political disorder 100 Years’ War New view of human beings and individual ability New view of human beings and individual ability Siena, Italy Piazza del Campo

Why Italy? Center of Greco-Roman world – had sculpture, buildings, roads, manuscripts that excited curiosity about heritage Center of Greco-Roman world – had sculpture, buildings, roads, manuscripts that excited curiosity about heritage Located on Mediterranean – absorbed stimulating ideas from Byzantine & Muslim worlds Located on Mediterranean – absorbed stimulating ideas from Byzantine & Muslim worlds Benefited from revival of trade that resulted from Crusades Benefited from revival of trade that resulted from Crusades Wealthy, influential patrons of the arts Wealthy, influential patrons of the arts

The Italian States: Milan 14 th century-Visconti family – great wealth and power over Lombardy 14 th century-Visconti family – great wealth and power over Lombardy Last Visconti dies in 1447 Last Visconti dies in 1447 Francesco Sforza (condottiere-leader of a band of mercenaries) conquers Milan and becomes duke Francesco Sforza (condottiere-leader of a band of mercenaries) conquers Milan and becomes duke Built a strong, centralized state Built a strong, centralized state Efficient tax system Efficient tax system Duomo in Milan, Italy

The Italian States: Venice Grew wealthy from trading Grew wealthy from trading Small group of merchant- aristocrats ran the government on behalf of their own interests Small group of merchant- aristocrats ran the government on behalf of their own interests Trade empire brought enormous revenues Trade empire brought enormous revenues Became an international power Became an international power San Marco in Venice, Italy

The Italian States: Florence The preeminent Renaissance city The preeminent Renaissance city Medici family amassed a fortune in wool trade Medici family amassed a fortune in wool trade Cosimo and later Lorenzo (the magnificent) de Medici were outstanding patrons of the arts Cosimo and later Lorenzo (the magnificent) de Medici were outstanding patrons of the arts Powerful and influential family Powerful and influential family Duomo in Florence, Italy

Medieval vs. Renaissance

The Artistic Renaissance in Italy Self Portrait by Leonardo da Vinci Giotto’s Madonna Branccaci Tributo fresco by Masaccio

The Artistic Renaissance in Italy Frescoes - paintings done on fresh, wet plaster with water based paints Frescoes - paintings done on fresh, wet plaster with water based paints Mosaccio - Frescoes Mosaccio - Frescoes Figures had the illusion of being dimensional Figures had the illusion of being dimensional Two major achievements Two major achievements Perspective Perspective Movement and human anatomy Movement and human anatomy Architects were inspired by the buildings of ancient Rome (San Lorenzo) Brunelleschi Architects were inspired by the buildings of ancient Rome (San Lorenzo) Brunelleschi School of Athens by Raphael Interior of San Lorenzo by Brunelleschi

1: Zeno of Citium[9] 2: Epicurus 3: Federico II of Mantua? 4: Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius or Anaximander or Empedocles? 5: Averroes 6: Pythagoras 7: Alcibiades or Alexander the Great? 8: Antisthenes or Xenophon? 9: Hypatia (Francesco Maria della Rovere or Raphael's mistress Margherita) 10: Aeschines or Xenophon? 11: Parmenides? 12: Socrates 13: Heraclitus (Michelangelo) 14: Plato holding the Timaeus (Leonardo da Vinci) 15: Aristotle holding the Ethics 16: Diogenes of Sinope? 17: Plotinus? 18: Euclid or Archimedes with students (Bramante)? 19: Strabo or Zoroaster? (Baldassare Castiglione or Pietro Bembo) 20: Ptolemy? R: Apelles (Raphael) 21: Protogenes (Il Sodoma, Perugino or Timoteo Viti)[10] 1: Zeno of Citium[9] 2: Epicurus 3: Federico II of Mantua? 4: Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius or Anaximander or Empedocles? 5: Averroes 6: Pythagoras 7: Alcibiades or Alexander the Great? 8: Antisthenes or Xenophon? 9: Hypatia (Francesco Maria della Rovere or Raphael's mistress Margherita) 10: Aeschines or Xenophon? 11: Parmenides? 12: Socrates 13: Heraclitus (Michelangelo) 14: Plato holding the Timaeus (Leonardo da Vinci) 15: Aristotle holding the Ethics 16: Diogenes of Sinope? 17: Plotinus? 18: Euclid or Archimedes with students (Bramante)? 19: Strabo or Zoroaster? (Baldassare Castiglione or Pietro Bembo) 20: Ptolemy? R: Apelles (Raphael) 21: Protogenes (Il Sodoma, Perugino or Timoteo Viti)[10]Zeno of Citium[9]EpicurusFederico II of MantuaAnicius Manlius Severinus BoethiusAnaximanderEmpedoclesAverroesPythagorasAlcibiadesAlexander the GreatAntisthenes XenophonHypatiaFrancesco Maria della Rovere MargheritaAeschinesXenophonParmenidesSocratesHeraclitusMichelangeloPlatoTimaeusLeonardo da VinciAristotleEthicsDiogenes of SinopePlotinusEuclidArchimedesBramanteStrabo ZoroasterBaldassare CastiglionePietro BemboPtolemyApellesRaphaelProtogenesIl SodomaPeruginoTimoteo Viti[10]Zeno of Citium[9]EpicurusFederico II of MantuaAnicius Manlius Severinus BoethiusAnaximanderEmpedoclesAverroesPythagorasAlcibiadesAlexander the GreatAntisthenes XenophonHypatiaFrancesco Maria della Rovere MargheritaAeschinesXenophonParmenidesSocratesHeraclitusMichelangeloPlatoTimaeusLeonardo da VinciAristotleEthicsDiogenes of SinopePlotinusEuclidArchimedesBramanteStrabo ZoroasterBaldassare CastiglionePietro BemboPtolemyApellesRaphaelProtogenesIl SodomaPeruginoTimoteo Viti[10] The School of Athens

The Artistic Renaissance in Italy Mastery of techniques for a realistic portrayal of the world Mastery of techniques for a realistic portrayal of the world Glorified the individual; human body Glorified the individual; human body Giotto – religious themes Giotto – religious themes Donatello – sculptor; copied ancient Greeks Donatello – sculptor; copied ancient Greeks Ospedale degli Innocenti Brunelleschi, Florence, Italy

Giotto’s Madonna Donnatello’s Herod

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian Artists cont. Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci Ideal Renaissance Man Ideal Renaissance Man Paintings, sketches, inventions Paintings, sketches, inventions Mona Lisa Mona Lisa The Last Supper The Last Supper people/videos/life-after-people-the-last- supper people/videos/life-after-people-the-last- supper people/videos/life-after-people-the-last- supper people/videos/life-after-people-the-last- supper /videos/leonardos-deluge /videos/leonardos-deluge /videos/leonardos-deluge /videos/leonardos-deluge

DaVinci’s The Last Supper

Italian Artists cont. Titian – portraits; the Assumption of the Virgin Titian – portraits; the Assumption of the Virgin Raphael – tranquil beauty in religious works – the Sistine Madonna Raphael – tranquil beauty in religious works – the Sistine Madonna Titian – Assumption of the Virgin

Raphael’s Sistine Madonna

Italian Artists cont. Michelangelo – painter, sculptor, poet, architect Michelangelo – painter, sculptor, poet, architect Sistine Chapel – ceiling, commissioned by the Pope Sistine Chapel – ceiling, commissioned by the Pope David David The Pieta – next slide The Pieta – next slide

The Pieta - Michelangelo

Michelangeo’s David Donatello’s David

The Last Judgement By Michelangelo Sistine Chapel Rome, Italy

The Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel Michelangelo

The Northern Artistic Renaissance Skilled in painting details Skilled in painting details Did not fully understand perspective Did not fully understand perspective Jan Van Eyck- Flanders; oils Jan Van Eyck- Flanders; oils Albrecht Durer - Germany – painter & metal & wood engraver Albrecht Durer - Germany – painter & metal & wood engraver Jan Van Eyck Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride Albrecht Durer

Northern Artists cont. Rembrandt – Dutch, lights and shadow, life of common people Rembrandt – Dutch, lights and shadow, life of common people The Night Watch, The Anatomy Lesson The Night Watch, The Anatomy Lesson Holbein – German – lifelike portraits of famous people Holbein – German – lifelike portraits of famous people Rembrandt’s The Anatomy Lesson

Botticelli’s The Birth of Venus Breughel’s Children’s Games

Holbein’s Sir Thomas More

Durer’s Self Portrait Durer’s Adoration of the Magi

Raphael’s Self Portrait Van Eyck’s Madonna….

Renaissance Literature Humanism - Intellectual and literary movement based upon the classics. Humanism - Intellectual and literary movement based upon the classics. Focused on human potential and individuality of their subjects; concerned with everyday problems Focused on human potential and individuality of their subjects; concerned with everyday problems Reflected values of an urban, secular society Reflected values of an urban, secular society Wrote in vernacular – local language Wrote in vernacular – local language Petrarch – father of humanism; wrote sonnets (14 line poems); in Latin Petrarch – father of humanism; wrote sonnets (14 line poems); in Latin Boccaccio – The Decameron – stories about people trying to escape the plague Boccaccio – The Decameron – stories about people trying to escape the plague

Renaissance Machiavelli – The Prince Machiavelli – The Prince Politics and power Leaders sometimes have to mislead the people for the good of the state The end justifies the means

Christian Humanists Wanted to reform society, Church, etc. Wanted to reform society, Church, etc. Erasmus – The Praise of Folly – poked fun at greedy merchants, the Church, etc. Erasmus – The Praise of Folly – poked fun at greedy merchants, the Church, etc. Sir Thomas More – – a perfect society Sir Thomas More – Utopia – a perfect society William Shakespeare William Shakespeare Human experience – drama, comedy Human experience – drama, comedy Macbeth, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othelllo, King Lear, The Taming of the Shrew Macbeth, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othelllo, King Lear, The Taming of the Shrew

The Printing Press Johan Gutenberg - Germany Johan Gutenberg - Germany Block printing from China too slow Block printing from China too slow Movable type printing press Movable type printing press Gutenberg Bible Gutenberg Bible Revolutionized printing Revolutionized printing Spread of ideas, more books, cheaper books Spread of ideas, more books, cheaper books Growth of literacy, reading, education Growth of literacy, reading, education Spread ideas of humanism and reformation Spread ideas of humanism and reformation

The Reformation

Reformation Typical medieval question: What must I do to be saved? Typical medieval question: What must I do to be saved? Martin Luther and others (Wycliffe, Hus) have a different answer to this question than what the Catholic Church believed. Martin Luther and others (Wycliffe, Hus) have a different answer to this question than what the Catholic Church believed. Eventually creates a complete break with the Catholic Church and destroys religious unity in the Western Christian World. Eventually creates a complete break with the Catholic Church and destroys religious unity in the Western Christian World.

Background Christian Humanism (or humanism) had already begun changes Christian Humanism (or humanism) had already begun changes People could REASON and improve themselves People could REASON and improve themselves Desiderius Erasmus - should live good daily lives rather than focus on being saved Desiderius Erasmus - should live good daily lives rather than focus on being saved Praise of Folly – criticized church abuses, wanted reform not to destroy church Praise of Folly – criticized church abuses, wanted reform not to destroy church

Problems Popes involved in politics; less spiritual Popes involved in politics; less spiritual Spent $ on art, architecture (St. Peter’s Basilica) Spent $ on art, architecture (St. Peter’s Basilica) Held multiple positions in church (pluralism), absenteeism, simony, neglected religious jobs. Held multiple positions in church (pluralism), absenteeism, simony, neglected religious jobs. *Indulgences – could “pay” for forgiveness *Indulgences – could “pay” for forgiveness *Relics – bones, objects, etc. of saints *Relics – bones, objects, etc. of saints

Martin Luther Entered monastery; studies Bible Entered monastery; studies Bible CC (Catholic Church) said both faith and good deeds are needed for salvation CC (Catholic Church) said both faith and good deeds are needed for salvation Not saved by good works but through FAITH in God, made possible through sacrifices of Jesus. Not saved by good works but through FAITH in God, made possible through sacrifices of Jesus. Salvation by faith alone – chief teachings of Protestant Reformation; Bible is chief guide Salvation by faith alone – chief teachings of Protestant Reformation; Bible is chief guide

John Calvin Martin Luther 95 Theses

Luther cont. Posted “95 Theses” to Church door at Wittenberg (Germany) Posted “95 Theses” to Church door at Wittenberg (Germany) Attacked indulgences, rituals, relics, etc. Attacked indulgences, rituals, relics, etc. Excommunicated in 1521 Excommunicated in 1521 Summoned to the Diet of Worms – asked whether he truly believes his writings Summoned to the Diet of Worms – asked whether he truly believes his writings Luther does not recant Luther does not recant Sentenced to be burned at stake Sentenced to be burned at stake

Luther cont Hidden by supporters, returns 4 years later Hidden by supporters, returns 4 years later Set up new services to replace Catholic mass, marries, continues to teach his ideas Set up new services to replace Catholic mass, marries, continues to teach his ideas 1555 – Peace of Augsburg – the division of the Church is now complete 1555 – Peace of Augsburg – the division of the Church is now complete Could choose Lutheran or Catholic (but not really tolerant of each other) Could choose Lutheran or Catholic (but not really tolerant of each other)

New Protestant Groups Switzerland – Ulrich Zwingli Switzerland – Ulrich Zwingli Zwinglianism – extreme changes; religious images abolished, paintings removed, no mass, (instead scripture readings, prayer, sermons), no monasteries, pilgrimages, pope’s authority rejected Zwinglianism – extreme changes; religious images abolished, paintings removed, no mass, (instead scripture readings, prayer, sermons), no monasteries, pilgrimages, pope’s authority rejected Conflict – Zwingli killed, burned Conflict – Zwingli killed, burned

New Protestant Groups cont. John Calvin – Calvinism (also Switzerland) John Calvin – Calvinism (also Switzerland) Very similar to Luther but absolute sovereignty of God Very similar to Luther but absolute sovereignty of God Predestination – already determined if you were to be saved or damned Predestination – already determined if you were to be saved or damned To be sure, lived good, pious (religious) life To be sure, lived good, pious (religious) life Spread quickly Spread quickly

England Split occurs for political not religious reasons Split occurs for political not religious reasons King Henry VIII (Tudor Family) wanted annulment from wife #1 (Catherine of Aragon); daughter Mary; no male heir King Henry VIII (Tudor Family) wanted annulment from wife #1 (Catherine of Aragon); daughter Mary; no male heir Wants to marry Anne Boleyn Wants to marry Anne Boleyn Grants annulment but Parliament breaks with Church Grants annulment but Parliament breaks with Church Act of Supremacy – King is head of church – seized lands and sold! Act of Supremacy – King is head of church – seized lands and sold! Marries #2 Anne Boleyn, has girl (Elizabeth) Marries #2 Anne Boleyn, has girl (Elizabeth)

Henry VIII cont. Anne Boleyn beheaded (adultery) Anne Boleyn beheaded (adultery) #3 – Jane Seymour – finally a male heir (Edward VI); she dies in childbirth #3 – Jane Seymour – finally a male heir (Edward VI); she dies in childbirth #4 – Anne of Cleves – arranged marriage based on portrait. When he saw her, he divorced her #4 – Anne of Cleves – arranged marriage based on portrait. When he saw her, he divorced her #5 – Catherine Howard – beheaded #5 – Catherine Howard – beheaded #6 – Catherine Parr – she outlives him #6 – Catherine Parr – she outlives him

England cont. Edward VI (his only son); sickly, becomes king at age 9 Edward VI (his only son); sickly, becomes king at age 9 Allows clergy to marry Allows clergy to marry Mary (from 1 st marriage) staunchly Catholic Mary (from 1 st marriage) staunchly Catholic “Bloody Mary” – married to Phillip II Spain (Europe’s “most Catholic King”) “Bloody Mary” – married to Phillip II Spain (Europe’s “most Catholic King”) Burned 300 Protestant churches Burned 300 Protestant churches Had reverse effect – England becomes more Protestant Had reverse effect – England becomes more Protestant

King Henry VIII Of England Portrait by Hans Holbein

“Bloody Mary” – Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon

Phillip II Of Spain

Edward VI – son Of Henry VIII & Jane Seymour

Queen Elizabeth England – child of Henry VIII and Ann Boleyn

Other Protestants Anabaptists Anabaptists Christians are a voluntary community of believers Christians are a voluntary community of believers Therefore adults should be baptized not children Therefore adults should be baptized not children All members are equal All members are equal Complete separation of Church and state (radical) Complete separation of Church and state (radical) Thou shall not kill – literally Thou shall not kill – literally Extremists- hated by Catholics & Lutheran Extremists- hated by Catholics & Lutheran

Impact of Reformation Clergy can marry so family becomes highly important Clergy can marry so family becomes highly important Indulgences, relics & saints, pilgrimages, monasteries, celibacy change Indulgences, relics & saints, pilgrimages, monasteries, celibacy change Catholic Church loses some power Catholic Church loses some power What is the Catholic Church to do???? What is the Catholic Church to do????

Catholic (Counter) Reformation To regain authority of Catholic Church To regain authority of Catholic Church Jesuits – (Ignatius Loyola) – absolute devotion to the Church; missionaries to spread faith Jesuits – (Ignatius Loyola) – absolute devotion to the Church; missionaries to spread faith Reformed papacy – corruption, finances, involvement in politics, etc. Reformed papacy – corruption, finances, involvement in politics, etc. Council of Trent – Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings Council of Trent – Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings Strong and ready to do battle for souls! Strong and ready to do battle for souls!