SAC 3 Revision

Question PBS 0 The Australian Government is responsible for administering the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) a. What is the PBS? (2 marks) a. Explain how the PBS may improve the health status of Australians. (2 marks)

Answer PBS a. The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) is a Federal Government-funded scheme that subsidises the cost of a wide range of prescription medications, providing Australians with access to necessary and cost-effective medicines at an affordable price. 24% got 0/36% got 1/36% got 2 = Average 1,1

Answer PBS b. Subsidised drugs would enable all who require them to maintain their health as they are more likely to be able to afford the drugs. The PBS safety net protects individuals and families from large overall expenses for PBS-listed medicines. 26% = 0/40% = 1/34%=2

Question - Medicare a) Outline two examples of how Medicare is different from private health insurance. (2 marks) Some students were able to provide two examples of how Medicare differs from private health insurance, but many students were unable to demonstrate the differences. 41%=0/34%=1/25%=2 (Average.9) WHY?

Answer - Medicare 0 Possible answers include the following.  Medicare is compulsory for all Australian citizens, whereas private health insurance is optional.  The cost of Medicare is met by the Federal Government. Private health insurance is paid for by individuals according to the level of coverage they wish to purchase.  Medicare covers essential health services such as GPs, specialists and public hospitals, while private health insurance can be purchased for health services not covered by Medicare; for example, dentists, physiotherapists and chiropractors.  Medicare does not allow a patient the choice of private hospital treatment, whereas private health insurance can, depending on the level of cover purchased.  Medicare does not cover the cost of elective surgery, whereas private health insurance can, depending on the level of cover purchased.

Question 2 Medicare 0 In 2011, the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare released a report called ‘The health of Australia’s males’. It reported that one in six Australian males did not use Medicare services in 2008–2009. This number is lower than that for females. 1. Identify the level of government responsible for administering Medicare. (1 mark) 2. Explain how Medicare is funded. (2 marks) 3. Explain one determinant of health that could account for the behaviour of males with regard to their use of Medicare services. (2 marks) 4. List two health services males might use that could be claimed through Medicare. (2marks)

Question 2 Medicare Answer 1. Federal Government 2. Australian taxpayers contribute indirectly to the cost of Medicare through  a Medicare levy, presently 2% of taxable income  higher income earners may have to pay a ? surcharge in addition to the Medicare levy if they do not have private health insurance  general taxation.

Question 2 Medicare Answer 3. Following are examples of possible answers.  Behavioural: many males choose not to visit a doctor regularly, present later at health services for health problems, and ignore screening and preventative health care.  Social: Culturally, men are less likely to access health services as they see it as a sign of weakness if they are ill (macho image).  Social: Men are less likely to use health care services as they often ignore health promotion messages. They may therefore be less informed and knowledgeable about signs and symptoms that may require a doctor to check.

Question 2 Medicare Answer 4. Possible examples of health services that may be claimed are: GP consultations, eye tests at participating optometrists, services delivered by a practice nurse on behalf of a GP, some diagnostic procedures (for example, X-rays and blood tests), part of treatment by a specialist while being treated in a private hospital. Many students simply wrote doctors or hospitals but these were not acceptable; services, treatments or consultations needed to be mentioned.

Question: Models 1. Explain one difference between the biomedical model of health and the social model of health. (2 marks) Answer: The biomedical model has a focus on the treatment and management of disability and disease, using services from healthcare professionals (eg surgery) whereas the social model focuses on addressing the broader determinants of health-social, economic and environmental-to improve health.

Question: VicHealth Dental services are generally not covered by Medicare. However, in January 2014 the Child Dental Benefits Schedule was introduced. It provides financial support for basic dental services for children. To be eligible for these benefits: 0 the child must be aged 2–17 years 0 the child’s family must receive certain government benefits, such as Family Tax Benefit Part A, for at least part of the calendar year 0 the child must be eligible for Medicare. a. State one value that underpins the Australian health system and explain how it is evident in the Child Dental Benefits Schedule. (3 marks)

Answer VicHealth 0 Accessible: relates to all Australian’s having equal access to health care irrespective of income. This is reflected in the Child Dental Benefits Scheme because it is available to families who have low incomes, as they must receive certain government benefits (family tax Benefit part A) for part of the year. It is therefore ensuring that all people including those with low incomes can access dental health services. Students needed to identify a value that underpins the Australian health system and explain how the selected value is evident in the Child Dental Benefits Schedule. While many students were able to identify a relevant value, others had difficulty applying the meaning of the value to the details provided on the Child Dental Benefits Schedule. While any of the seven values were appropriate for one mark, students who selected the value of accessible, efficient or sustainable were able to apply this to the Child Dental Benefits Schedule.

Question – Dietary Guidlines a. Provide two reasons why the Australian Dietary Guidelines have been developed by the Australian Government. (2 marks) b. Explain the relationship between the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating and the Australian Dietary Guidelines. (2 marks) c. Dietary Guideline 3 states that an individual should ‘limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol’. Explain two ways in which this guideline may help reduce the incidence of diabetes mellitus. (4 marks)

Answer – Dietary Guidelines a. To encourage Australians to make and prepare healthy food choices so as to maintain heathy weight and promote wellbeing. To encourage a decrease in diet and lifestyle related diseases such as cardiovascular disease and risk factor obesity, by providing accurate information on preventing from becoming obese and getting diagnosed with a lifestyle disease. Possible answers included:  to help Australians to adopt healthy lifestyles that will promote health and wellbeing  to promote healthy eating  to reduce the risk of diet-related conditions such as hypertension and impaired glucose regulation, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and some types of cancer  levels of illness such as impaired glucose regulation, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer, which have been increasing.

0 b. Students were required to explain the relationship between the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating and the Australian Dietary Guidelines. Possible answers included:  The AGHE is a food selection tool that forms part of the Australian Dietary Guidelines and provides assistance for people to plan, select and consume adequate proportions of foods from each of the food groups.  The AGHE provides a visual representation of the recommended dietary advice detailed in the Australian Dietary Guidelines (or advice regarding guideline 2 or 3). The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (AGTHE) reflects the information in the Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADG), specifically guideline 2. “To enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the 5 food groups every day and drink plenty of water.” The AGTHE reflects this and gives proportions of each food group people should aim to consume and present this in a visual way with the food groups represented being (vegetables and legumes), (fruits)(lean meat, fish, poultry eggs)(Grain foods such as cereals and wholegrain breads)(milk, yoghurt, cheese). Answer – Dietary Guidelines

0 Foods containing saturated fats are energy dense and likely to be stored as fat if they exceed the consumers energy needs. This increases the risk of weight gain and obesity which is a risk factor for diabetes type 2. By reducing these foods individuals reduce the incidence of diabetes mellitus. 0 Alcohol too, is energy dense, therefore limiting its consumption may reduce the risk of weight gain, and the development of obesity, which is a risk-factor for type 2 diabetes. Answer – Dietary Guidelines This question was not answered well. Diabetes mellitus includes three types of diabetes. Students needed to show their understanding of the condition by recognising that food intake could impact on the levels of type 2 or gestational diabetes rather than just referring to the umbrella term. Many students chose to explain the more complex link between salt and type 2 diabetes, but their explanations were not always clear.