Reconstruction: A Failed Revolution Thesis Statement During Reconstruction, the federal government missed a unique opportunity to radically restructure southern society along more egalitarian lines. While conditions for African- Americans began to improve during Reconstruction, many of their gains were quickly erased during the “Jim Crow” period that followed.

Presidential Reconstruction Lincoln 10% Plan… 90% could refuse loyalty oath Johnson No loyalty oath required Opposed helping former slaves Both Wanted to go easy on the South… heal the wounds of the war as fast as possible. Supported the 13 th Amendment… Ended slavery everywhere Liberally issued pardons to former Confederates Believed Southern states had NOT actually left the Union… therefore Reconstruction was primarily a military endeavor, and should be under the control of the executive branch.

Radical Reconstruction Harsh, punishing philosophy toward the South Wanted more help for former slaves 50% Loyalty Oath Wanted to strictly exclude former Confederates from political office Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 (5 Military Districts) Believed that southern states had committed “state suicide” and had to re-apply for statehood (therefore Reconstruction should be in the hands of the legislative branch). Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner

Help for Freedmen Freedmen’s Bureau... Help w/ schools, labor contracts, etc. Civil Rights Act of 1866… Granted African-Americans citizenship & all rights of citizens 14 th Amendment... Citizenship for African-Americans, “Equal Treatment under the Law 15 th Amendment: Right to vote can't be denied by race Klan Acts (Force Acts) of 1870 & 1871… Gave military authority to target the KKK… forced it to be more secretive BUT… No land redistribution

The 1866 Bi-Election Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”  A referendum on Radical Reconstruction.  Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan.  Republicans won a 3-1 majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867  Military Reconstruction Act * Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14 th Amendment. * Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.

Black & White Political Participation

The Balance of Power in Congress StateWhite CitizensFreedmen SC291,000411,000 MS353,000436,000 LA357,000350,000 GA591,000465,000 AL596,000437,000 VA719,000533,000 NC631,000331,000

Republican Governments in the South Freedmen: Freed slaves “Carpetbaggers:” Northern migrants who moved South to help freedmen, or exploit economic & political opportunities “Scalawags:” White southern Republicans How well did they do?... Probably no better or worse than Democratic governments. Racist Political Cartoon Depicted Republican Governments in the South

Freedom Schools Thousands of African-Americans (young and old) flocked to schools created by the Freedmen’s Bureau and by Republican state governments.

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Illiteracy by Race

Sharecropping Sharecropping: Landowner provided land, seeds, tools, and lent $ for expenses in exchange for a portion of the crop Tenant Farming: Renting land Debt Peonage: Both systems usually trapped poor farmers (white & black)

Tenancy & the Crop Lien System Furnishing MerchantTenant FarmerLandowner  Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.  Farmer also secures food, clothing, and other necessities on credit from merchant until the harvest.  Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.  Plants crop, harvests in autumn.  Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.  Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant in payment of debt.  Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

Percentage of Sharecropped Farms

Race & Sharecropping

Slavery vs. Sharecropping

Northern Support Wanes  “Grantism” & corruption.  Panic of 1873 [6-year depression].  Concern over westward expansion and Indian wars.  Key monetary issues: * should the government retire $432m worth of “greenbacks” issued during the Civil War. * should war bonds be paid back in specie or greenbacks.

The “New South” Some industrialization begins to take place in southern cities like Birmingham, AL Much of the economic growth was financed by investors & entrepreneurs from the North (a.k.a. “carpetbaggers”) A Steel Manufacturer in Birmingham, Alabama

The Ku Klux Klan Founded in Tennessee in 1866 Terrorized southern blacks, and whites who sympathized with them Largely (but temporarily) eradicated after the anti- Klan Acts of 1870 & 1871 It re-emerges after the Union army pulls out in 1877

Lynching

Grant Administration Scandals  Grant presided over an era of unprecedented growth and corruption. * Credit Mobilier Scandal. * Whiskey Ring. * The “Indian Ring.”

And They Say He Wants a Third Term

The Election of 1872  Rumors of corruption during Grant’s first term discredit Republicans.  Horace Greeley runs as a Democrat/Liberal Republican candidate.  Greeley attacked as a fool and a crank.  Greeley died on November 29, 1872!

1872 Presidential Election

The Panic of 1873  It raises “the money question.” * debtors seek inflationary monetary policy by continuing circulation of greenbacks. * creditors, intellectuals support hard money.  1875  Specie Redemption Act.  1876  Greenback Party formed & makes gains in congressional races  The “Crime of ’73’!

1876 Presidential Tickets

1876 Presidential Election

The Political Crisis of 1877  “Corrupt Bargain” Part II?

A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877

The Jim Crow Laws Jim Crow Laws: Segregated Blacks & Whites in Public Places Plessey v. Ferguson (1896)... “Separate but Equal” does not violate the 14 th Amendment

Voting Restrictions Redeemers & the “Solid South”… Wanted to replace Republican state governments w/ Democrat- controlled white supremacist govs.