most scientific advances result from carefully planned investigation. Scientific Method a logical approach to solving problems. Observing collecting data measuring Formulating Hypotheses analyzing data predicting Testing experimenting collecting data If data does not support hypothesis Theorizing constructing models predicting Publish Results communicating

1.Observing Making measurements and/or collecting data. Data can be either qualitative (descriptive/words) or quantitative (numerical). 2.Formulating Hypotheses A testable statement that serves as the basis for making predictions. 3.Testing Hypotheses Experiments are performed that provide data to support or refute a hypothesis. 4.Theorizing When predictions of the hypothesis are successful, scientists use models (explanations of how phenomena occur and how events are related). Theories: a generalization that explains body of facts and phenomena.

Units of Measurement a measurement represents a quantity that has magnitude, size or amount. scientists use SI units to describe measurements. there are seven base SI units.

Common SI Prefixes prefixes are used to represent quantities that are larger or smaller than the base unit.

Density the ratio of the mass to volume What is the density of a sample of ore that has a mass of 74.0 g and occupies 20.3 cm 3 ? Answer: 3.65 g/cm 3 Find the volume of a sample of wood that has a mass of 95.1 g and a density of g/cm 3. Answer: 111 cm 3 Diamond has a density of 3.26 g/cm 3. What is the mass of a diamond that has a volume of 0.35cm 3 ? Answer: 1.14 g

Using Scientific Measurements accuracy: the closeness of measurements to the correct or accepted value. precision: closeness of a set of measurements of the same quantity made in the same way.

Percent Error a calculation used to see how accurate your measurements are. Error in Measurement some error or uncertainty always exists in any measurement. due to: 1.Skill of the measurer. 2.Precision of the measuring instruments.

Conversion Factors a ratio derived from the equality between two different units that can be used to convert from one unit to the other. Ex: Convert mg to grams mg X (1 g / 1000mg) = g Ex: Convert 6.2 km to m. 6.2 km X (1000m/1km) = 6200 m Ex: How many cg are there in 6.25 kg? 6.25 kg X (1000g/1kg) X (100cg/1g) = cg

Conversion Practice!  Mark McGuire hit 70 homeruns in the 1998 season. Given that there are 4 bases with 90 feet between each base, how many miles did he run last season from homeruns? (5,280 feet per mile).  According to current records, Kamato Hongo of Japan lived to the ripe old age of 116 yrs old! How old is this women in seconds? Do Now!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Significant Figures “Atlantic-Pacific Rule” 1.“P” is for Pacific: meaning the decimal point is PRESENT. Count significant figures starting with the first non-zero digit on the left. Ex: “A” is for Atlantic: meaning the decimal point is ABSENT. Count significant figures starting with the first non-zero digit on the right. Ex:140, ,000,000  4 significant figures  3 significant figures  2 significant figures  4 significant figures  1 significant figures

Rules for Rounding 1.If the number being examined is less than 5, drop it and all the figures to the right of it. 2.If the number being examined is more than 5, increase the number to be rounded by 1. 3.If the number being examined is 5, round the number so that it will be even. Ex: Round to four significant figures. Answer: Round to three significant figures. Answer: 3.79 Round to five significant figures. Answer: Round to three significant figures. Answer: 24.8 (since the “8” is even it stays as “8”)

Scientific Notation used to express very large and very small numbers. follows the format: M x 10 n where 1≤M<10 n is any integer. Using Significant Figures in Calculations 1.Addition and Subtraction Your answer must have the same number of decimals as the value with the fewest number of decimals. Ex: 25.1g g = ? Answer: 27.1 g Ex: 5.44m – m = ? Answer: 2.83m

Ex: 87.3cm – 1.655cm = ? Answer: 85.6cm 2.Multiplication and Division Your answer can have no more significant figures than are in the measurement with the fewest number of significant figures. Ex: 3.05g / 8.47mL = ? Answer: g/mL Ex: 51.4g /.71cm 3 = ? Answer: 72 g/cm 3 Ex: cm x 0.500cm x 2.90cm = ? Answer: 30.6 cm 3

Chapter 3 Exam will Cover:  Scientific Method  Units of Measurement  Density  Conversion Factors  Accuracy and Precision (10% error = good accuracy!)  Significant Figures  Calculating Percent Error  Rounding