LEC 12 FIELD BOTANY – Lecture 12 Dr. Donald P. Althoff Conifers (Coniferphyta)
Seed-bearing Ferns & Club mosses GYMNOSPERMS Angiosperms Vascular tissue
GYMNOSPERMS divisions Coniferphyta Cycads Ginkgophyta Gnetophyta ancient 1 sp. ______ widely distributed tropics & sub- tropics “close” to angio- sperms
Cycads = Cycadophyta Only one species native to North America : Zamia pumila Dioecious pollen (male) & seed cones (female) are separate plants pollinated by _________, not wind 10 genera, 140 species (not including palm trees which are angiosperms: monocots [Liliopsida])
Gingkoes = Ginkgophyta Only one species present today: Ginkgo biloba (maidenhair tree) Dioecious male & female ( stink ) trees None native to North America 1 genera, 1 species
12 species in North America: Ephedra More closely related to angiosperms than any other gymnosperm 3 genera, 70 species worldwide Gnetophytes = Gnetophyta
Nevada Jointfir (Ephedra nevadensis) Flowering No “apparent” leaves…leaves are scale-like Photosynthesis takes place in the _______ ________—but produce small cones
Welwitschia mirabilis [African desert GYMNOSPERM] gnetophyte
Distinguishing characteristics of CONIFERS “naked seeds”…borne on surface of cone scales or on stalks among leaves All species are ________ vs. Angiosperms with a mix of woody & herbaceous)
3 Kingdom Division Class Order Plantae Coniferphyta Pinopsida 12 PinaceaeCupressaceae pines, firs, & spruces cedars, cypress, junipers Pinales Families Taxaceae yews
Family TAXACEAE All “evergreen” Monoecious and dioecious Leaves spirally arranged Pollen dispersal by ______ 3 genera, 7-10 species
Family CUPRESSACEAE All “evergreen” Some monoecious, some dioecious Leaves arranged spirally or in pairs (alternating at 90 0 angles or whorls) Pollen dispersal by wind 18 genera, 140 species
Family PINACEAE _______________________ Usually in temperate climates All “evergreen” except Larix & Pseudolarix Monoecious Needle-like leaves Female cones ________ than male cones Pollen dispersal by ______ 11 genera, species
Family PINACEAE : Vegetative Morphology needle leaf long shoot Know for final
Family PINACEAE : Spur Shoot & Fascicle needle leaf _______ sheath scale leaf ________________________
Pines Male & Female Gametophyte Systems Thus, monecious—even on same branch
MALE CONE – STAMINATE…pollen source FEMALE CONE - OVULATE 1 yr 2 yr ________________ ________________ 3 yr
1.Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) 2.Colorado (blue) spruce ( Picea pungens ) 3.White spruce ( Picea glauca) 4.Virginia (scrub) pine ( Pinus virginiana ) 5.White pine ( Pinus strobus) 6.Shortleaf pine ( Pinus echinata ) 7.Red pine ( Pinus resinosa ) 8.Pitch pine ( Pinus ridiga ) 9.Scotch (Scots) pine ( Pinus sylvestris ) 10.Jack pine ( Pinus banksiana )* 11.Eastern hemlock ( Tsuga Canadensis ) 12.Eastern larch (Tamarack) ( Larix laricina ) 13.Bald cypress ( Taxodium distichum ) 14.Eastern red cedar ( Juniperus virginiana ) 15.Eastern arborvitae ( Thuja occidentalis ) Classification REGIONAL CONIFERS (partial listing) DivisionConiferophya Class Pinopsida OrderPinales Family Pinaceae “Pine” Cupressaceae – “Cypress” P P P P P P P P P P P C P C C C P
White pine Pitch pine Virginia pine Needles per fascicle 2 5 E. Hemlock & spruces 1 3
Regional Pines (partial listing) Virginia (scrub) pine ( Pinus virginiana ) White pine ( Pinus strobus ) Shortleaf pine ( Pinus echinata ) Red pine ( Pinus resinosa ) Pitch pine ( Pinus ridiga ) Scotch (Scots) pine ( Pinus sylvestris ) Jack pine ( Pinus banksiana ) TYPICAL NEEDLES PER FASCICLE (length) 2 (3-8 in.) 5 (3-5 in.) 2 (<3 in.) 2 (3-8 in.) 3 (3-5 in.) 2 (<3 in.) 2 (3/4-3 in.) Know for final
Seed-bearing Ferns & Club mosses Gymnosperms Angiosperms Vascular tissue Pterophyta Lycopodiophyta
Kingdom Division Class Order Plantae Lycopodiophyta Lycopodiopsida 1 Lycopodiaceae – “the club mosses” Lycopodiales Family Ground Pine Lycopodium dendroideum Know for final
Ground Pine may indicate Cool ______________ climates Fresh & moist soils _______________ soils Compacted soils Also…. Mid-seral stage species (10-30 yr old stands)