Animal Science Level 2

Unit EQ: What are industrial animals and how are they utilized? Concept : Beef Lesson EQ: How are cattle manipulated for food? Vocab AI, Sire Concept : Poultry Lesson EQ: Why is the poultry industry so successful? Vocab Vertical Integration Concept : Dairy Lesson EQ: What is the current industry trend? Vocab Ruminant

Fill in together

Draw a cow on your paper as large as you can, do NOT color it in!

Split your paper into three parts The Head: What you remember The middle: what you should know The butt: what I don’t remember Take 5 minutes fill in the head We will fill in the middle and butt together We will do this poultry and beef as well

ID species of economically important animals Understand animal management and husbandry techniques Outline industrial animal industries

Dairy Industry

Most labor intensive industry Cows milked 2-3x/day 7days/week Dairy cows must bare a calf (parturition) to go into their period of milk production (lactation) After lactation cows are termed “dry” and given a period a rest before they are pregnant again Pregnancies are timed based on gestation periods (285 days) Dairy cows become pregnant artificially (AI) after they are showing receptive signs (standing heat period)

Consumers are demanding cheap, low fat, healthy dairy products Food scientists are manipulating products to meet the low fat, healthy demand Farmers are utilizing more hormones to increase dairy cow milk production to keep costs low for consumers Fewer farms, with fewer cows per farm, producing increasing amounts of milk Less local family farms, more CAFOs Increased hormone use increases production of milk per cow More concentrated breeding operations using AI

Using a robotic milker machine Steps 1. At milking time, wash the teats, wear gloves 1. This stimulates the teats increasing a release of oxytocin which triggers milk let down 2. Dry teats and inspect milk 3. One inflation of the milking claw is placed on each teat or quarter 4. Vacuum applied to claw, which draws the milk from the udder. 1. Flow meter determines amount of milk being produced by cow 5. When milk stops, flow meter reads 0 milk intake and milking claw falls off automatically 6. Each teat is then dipped in Iodine to prevent bacterial invasion

Holstein Dominate the industry black and white in color Jersey  Coat color ranges from light tan to almost black  efficiently convert feed to milk  Brown Swiss  Known for ability to produce milk in hot climates  Normally brown to gray

Ayshire Red and white in color, marking similar to Holstein Guernsey Red and white, known as “Golden Guernsey” due to milk fat content being high. This causes the milk to look golden in color Milking Shorthorn may be red, white, red and white or roan. Known for high levels of fertility, grazing efficiency, and ease of management

Mastitis Inflammation of the mammary tissues Unable to produce usable milk Cows with increased frequency are normally culled from the herd Ketosis Metabolic imbalance in the body Caused by stress or underfeeding Uterus Prolapse Uterus inverts during parturition Increased frequency results in culling Milk Fever Imbalance of calcium in bloodstream Causes paralysis Prevented with supplements

1. Forage- Find food 2. Masticate- Chew Food 3. Swallow 4. Rumen: Food fermented and broken down 5. Reticulum: cud thrown up into mouth 6. Remastication: rechewed and re swallowed 7. Omasum: food broken down more, some water absorbed 8. Abomasum: True Stomach, digestion starts here 9. Intestines 10. Out as manure

Housing: Grouped by age (calf, weaned, heifer, lactating, dry) Free stall (located in pastures) Tie barn (when space is limited) Feeding: varies based on demand put on animal Free Range (grass only) Fields are rotated to prevent over grazing Concentrated Pellets (when increasing production demands)

Breeding Watch for signs of heat Standing to be mounted by other cows, mounting packs of paint AI ASAP when showing signs of heat Gestation 285 days Calf gets colostrum then milk replacer until weaned Cow is lactating and being milked Lactation period ends (can be extended past natural limit with hormones) Cow given 30 day rest (cow is dry)

Complete Dairy Quiz You CAN use your notes

Poultry Industry

Definition: any fowl used for food or other products (feathers etc) Poultry categorized by purpose Meat PurposeEgg Purpose Dual PurposeOrnamental Purpose Commonly Used Poultry Geese, Chickens, Ratites, Quail, Duck

 1.Ovulation- release of mature yolk from the ovary.  2.Infundibulum- receives the yolk, about 15 minutes spent.  3.Yolk moves into magnum 50% of albumen is added. Takes 3 hours.  4.Spends 1.5 hours in the Isthmus. Shell membranes added. Process takes approximately 24 hours (can vary with species)

Housing Ventilated, automated systems, specific square footage per bird set by USDA Food Automated tube and pan auger system, high corn/soybean content for carbs and protein to increase gain Lighting Egg layers given longer periods of daytime to produce more eggs Broilers given increased light (like spring time) to increase gain due to molting, and in an attempt to prevent cannibalism

Common Practices Debeaking, Spur trimming, Wing tagging Vaccinations In ovo- Maerk’s Disease Mist over birds- E.Coli/Salmonella Eye Drops and Shots: Infectious Bronchitis Biosecurity Prevents the spread of disease between birds and farms Car wash, boot bath, disinfectants, throw away suits and boot covers

Vertical Integration: One company owns ALL parts of product from: Grains, farms, field, trucks, birds, eggs, hatchery, grown out barn, slaughter, products, packaging, marketing etc Sections are contracted out, but still owned by one company Why? One company owns everything = same policies across the board = uniform product in a timely efficient manner Result to customer? Cheap (due to amount of production) high quality low fat chicken

You may use your notes

Beef Industry

Classified into major groups Bos Taurus Contains British (small) and Continental (large) breeds Examples: Hereford, Angus, Shorthorn Examples: Simmental, Limousan, Charolais Bos Indicus Contains breeds that are very heat tolerant Examples: Zebu, Brahman, Africander Composite Breeds Crossbred cattle that have become registered breeds based on desired traits being passed down effectively to multiple generations Examples: Brangus, Black Baldie, Beefmaster, Braford

4 Major Sections of Industry Purebred operation: provide purebred seed stock (sires and dams) Cow-Calf operation: provide cows (to make more calves) and calves (to go to stocker) Stocker operation: purchases calves and grows to a specific weight based on the breed of cattle Finishing operation: purchases stocker cattle and feeds high energy diet to add last layer of fat to cattle Then cattle are sent to slaughter

Housing: Free Stall in fields Rotational Grazing Feed: TMRs Grass Silage/Haylage Practices: Ear tagging, branding, registration, ear tattoo