Using Information Technology Chapter 2 The Internet & the World Wide Web To the instructor: This presentation attempts to cover every term in the text, sometimes via a slide, sometimes via the Notes page. Additional material beyond what is in the text is presented via: Occasional “FACTOID” notations on the Notes page, and; Occasional hyperlinks in the slides themselves. ScreenTip text has been added to each hyperlink allowing you to see in advance of selecting the hyperlink where that link will take you. In addition, the last ~20 slides are questions covering the material just presented. They can be used to increase interaction between the instructor and students at the end of each lecture, to ensure students understand the material just presented, etc. Finally, some of the Notes pages include “Discussion questions” for use in encouraging student interaction during the lecture.

The Internet & the World Wide Web Exploring Cyberspace 2.1 Choosing Your Internet Access Device & Physical Connection: The Quest for Broadband 2.2 Choosing Your Internet Service Provider (ISP) 2.3 Sending & Receiving E-Mail 2.4 The World Wide Web 2.5 The Online Gold Mine: More Internet Resources, Your Personal Cyberspace, E-Commerce, & the E-conomy Key Questions (from the text): 2.1 Choosing Your Internet Access Device & Physical Connection: The Quest for Broadband. What are the means of connecting to the Internet, and how fast are they? 2.2 Choosing Your Internet Service Provider (ISP). What is an Internet service provider, and what kinds of services do ISPs provide? 2.3 Sending & Receiving E-Mail. What are the options for obtaining e-mail software, what are the components of an e-mail address, and what are netiquette and spam? 2.4 The World Wide Web. What are websites, web pages, browsers, URLs, and search engines? 2.5 The Online Gold Mine: More Internet Resources, Your Personal Cyberspace, E-Commerce, & the E-conomy. What are FTP, Telnet, newsgroups, real-time chat, and e-commerce?

2.1 Choosing Your Internet Access Device & Physical Connection: The Quest for Broadband Bandwidth - an expression of how much data can be sent through a communications channel in a given amount of time Broadband - very high speed connection Physical connection - the wired or wireless means of connecting to the Internet.

Transmission Directions Download - to transmit data from a remote computer to a local computer Upload - to transmit data from a local computer to a remote computer Transmission speeds: Bps - bits per second. Kbps - kilobits per second, or 1000 bits per second. Mbps - megabits per second, or 1 million bits per second. FACTOID: The prefix “mega” in “megabits” comes from the Greek word “megas” meaning “mighty” or “great.” Gbps - gigabits per second, or 1 billion bits per second. FACTOID: The prefix “giga” in “gigabits” comes from a Greek word meaning “giant.”

Telephone (Dial-Up) Modem: Low Speed but Inexpensive & Widely Available Modem - device that sends and receives data over telephone lines to and from computers Most modems today have a maximum speed of 56 Kbps. Using a modem and phone line to establish a connection to the Internet is called making a dial-up connection. FACTOID: Just 20 years ago, most modems operated at a speed of only 300 bps. What a difference!

High-Speed Phone Lines: More Expensive but Available in Most Cities ISDN - hardware and software that allows voice, video, and data to be communicated over traditional copper-wire telephone lines DSL - also uses regular phone lines but much faster than ISDN T1 - a traditional trunk line that carries 24 normal telephone circuits and has a transmission rate of 1.5 Mbps Transmission speeds: ISDN - 128 Kbps DSL - 1.5-8.4 Mbps download; 16-640 Kbps upload T1 - 1.5 Mbps Generally used by corporate, government, & academic sites.

Communications Media Wireless Systems: Satellite & Other Through-the-Air Connections Satellite Radio waves between cellular towers Cable Modem: Close Competitor to DSL Cable modem - connects a personal computer to a cable-TV system that offers an Internet connection Cable modem: Always “on” (like DSL) Download transmission speed of 10 Mbps Upload transmission speed of 500 Kbps Subject to slowdowns during peak-load times Communications satellite -- a space station that transmits radio waves called microwaves from earth-based stations. Satellite: Download transmission speed of 400 Kbps Upload transmission still via phone line Genuine two-way service under development

2.2 Choosing Your Internet Service Provider (ISP) ISP - a company that connects you through your communications line to its servers, or central computer, which connect you to the Internet via another company’s network access points Well-known ISPs: AOL (America Online) Earthlink Microsoft Network (MSN) AT&T WorldNet Prodigy POP (Point of Presence) - your ISP’s local access number for your area. Log on - make connection to the remote computer of your ISP.

2.3 Sending & Receiving E-Mail E-Mail Software & Carriers Buy e-mail software Get e-mail program as part of other computer software (such as browser) Get e-mail software as part of your ISP package Get free e-mail services Discussion question: How many of you have a free e-mail account? What are its advantages? What are its disadvantages?

E-Mail Addresses Jane_Doe@earthlink.net.uk User name: Jane_Doe Domain name: earthlink Top-level domain: .net Two-letter country extension: .uk Domain - a location on the Internet. Tips about e-mail addresses: Type addresses carefully Use the “reply” command when responding Use the “address book” feature Deal with each e-mail reply only once

Communication Tools Instant Messaging Instant messaging (IM) - allows any user on a given e-mail system to send a message and have it pop up instantly on the screen of anyone else logged onto that system Mailing Lists: E-Mail-Based Discussion Groups List-serves - e-mail mailing lists of people who regularly participate in discussion groups An IM conversation occurs in a small window (rectangular area containing a document or activity) on each participant’s display screen. Drawbacks to IM: Lack of common standards Time wasters when you have to get work done Other participant may be a very slow typist

Netiquette: Appropriate Online Behavior Consult FAQs Avoid flaming Don’t SHOUT! Netiquette (network etiquette) - guides to appropriate online behavior. FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) - documents that explain expected norms of online behavior for a particular group. Flaming - writing an online message that uses derogatory, obscene, or inappropriate language. Emoticons - keyboard-produced pictorial representations of expressions. Emoticons

Netiquette: Appropriate Online Behavior Avoid sloppiness but avoid criticizing others’ sloppiness Don’t send huge file attachments, unless requested When replying, quote only the relevant portion!

Spam: Unwanted Junk E-Mail Delete without opening the message Never reply to a spam message! Enlist the help of your ISP or use spam filters Fight back Spam - unsolicited e-mail in the form of advertising or chain letters.

2.4 The World Wide Web Q: What makes the Web graphically inviting? A: Multimedia Q: What makes the Web easily navigable? A: Hypertext Multimedia (from “multiple media”) - technology that presents information in more than one medium, including text graphics, animation, video, and sound. Hypertext - a system in which documents scattered across many Internet sites are directly linked--with hyperlinks--so that a word or phrase in one document becomes a connection to a document in a different place. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) - the set of special instructions (called “tags”) that are used to specify document structure, formatting, and links to other multimedia documents. FACTOID: Give the students a demo of a real Web page and how to view its HTML via View=>Source from the browser. www.nps.gov is a fairly simply site which works well for this demo. HTML & resulting page

The Web & How It Works Website--the domain on the computer Site - a computer with a domain name Example: barnesandnobleuniversity.com Website - the location of a web domain name in a computer somewhere on the Internet Discussion question: What are the implications of cybersquatting? (Domain name speculation)

The Web & How It Works Web pages--the documents on a website Web page - a document on the WWW that can include text, pictures, sound, and video Example: Barnes & Noble University’s Science & Technology Campus Home page - welcome page which identifies the website and contains links to other pages at the site.

The Web & How It Works Browsers--software for connecting with websites Web browser - software that enables users to view web pages and to jump from one page to another Best-known browsers: Microsoft’s Internet Explorer Netscape Navigator

The Web & How It Works URLs--addresses for web pages http://www.nps.gov/abli/index.htm Protocol : http:// Domain name: www.nps.gov Directory name: abli File name: index.htm URL (Universal Resource Locator) - a string of characters that points to a specific piece of information anywhere on the WWW. Protocol - a set of communication rules for exchanging information. HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) - the communications rules that allow browsers to connect with web servers.

Using Your Browser to Get Around the Web Home page - the first page you see when you start up your browser Getting around: Back - takes you back to the previous page Forward - takes you to a page you returned from Home - takes you to your home page

Using Your Browser to Get Around the Web History list - list accessible from browser’s toolbar that allows you to return to a page you have recently visited Bookmarks or favorites - your favorite URLs stored in a list to permit frequent visits without retyping the URLs Simultaneous viewing of two pages via File menu’s “New” item

Using Your Browser to Get Around the Web Interactivity--hyperlinks, radio buttons, and fill-in text boxes Radio buttons - little circles located in front of various options; selecting an option with the mouse places a dot in the corresponding circle Scroll arrows - small up/down and left/right arrows. Clicking on scroll arrows with your mouse pointer moves the screen so that you can see the rest of the web page, a movement known as scrolling. Frame - an independently controllable section of a web page. Discussion question: What type of situation causes horizontal scroll arrows to appear on your browser? Answer: A window too narrow for a single object (such as a picture) to be displayed in its entirety. (At this point, the instructor might want to demo how to force horizontal bars to appear and how to force them to disappear via browser window resizing.) Radio buttons and textbox

Web Portals: Starting Points for Finding Information Web portal - website that groups together in one convenient location popular features such as search tools, e-mail, electronic commerce, and discussion groups Discussion question: Which Web portal do you use most often? How did you select it?

Web Portals: Starting Points for Finding Information After logging on, you can: Check the home page for general info Use the directories to find a topic Use keyword to search for a topic Directory - lists of several categories of websites classified by topic. FACTOID: Unlike many IT terms, “directory” is a very old one, dating back to the 16th century. Its meaning then was quite similar to today’s meaning—“guide.” Keyword - the subject word or words of the topic you wish to find.

Four Types of Search Engines Human-organized search sites Computer-created search sites Hybrid search sites Metasearch sites Search engines - WWW feature which allow you to find specific documents through keyword searches and menu choices. Hybrid search sites - humans supplemented by computer indexes, to make sure nothing falls through the cracks. Metasearch sites - compilation of results from sending your query to several other search tools.

Multimedia on the Web Plug-in - a program that adds a specific feature to a browser, allowing it to play or view certain files Developing multimedia Applets written in Java ActiveX JavaScript Applets - small programs that can be quickly downloaded and run by most browsers. Java - a complex programming language developed by Sun Microsystems that (among other things) enables programmers to create animated and interactive web pages. ActiveX - Microsoft’s answer to Java. JavaScript - a simpler programming language developed by Netscape which is used to make Webpages more interactive and interesting.

Multimedia on the Web Text and images Animation Video Audio Download and view Streaming video Audio Download and listen Streaming audio Animation - the rapid sequencing of still images to create the appearance of motion. Streaming video - the process of transferring data in a continuous flow so that you can begin viewing a file even before the end of the file is sent. Streaming audio - the process of transferring data in a continuous flow so that you can begin listening to the file even before the end of the file is sent.

Push Technology & Webcasting Push technology - software that automatically downloads information to your computer Webcasting - customized text, video, and audio sent to you automatically on a regular basis “Pull technology” - you go to a website and pull down the information you want.

The Internet Telephone & Videophone Internet telephony - using the Net to make phone calls, either one-to-one or for audioconferencing

2.5 The Online Gold Mine: More Internet Resources, Your Personal Cyberspace, E-Commerce, & the E-conomy Other Internet resources: FTP (File Transfer Protocol)--for copying all the free files you want Telnet--to connect to remote computers FTP - a method whereby you can connect to a remote computer called an FTP site and transfer files to your own microcomputer’s hard disk. FACTOID: FTP is also used to upload a file from your computer to a remote computer, such as the server for your own Web page. Telnet - a program that allows you to connect to remote computers on the Internet using a user name and a password. FACTOID: The specification for Telnet was first developed in June 1980 by Jon Postel.

Other Internet Resources Newsgroups--for online typed discussions on specific topics Real-time chat--typed discussions among online participants Newsgroup - a giant electronic bulletin board on which users conduct written discussions about a specific subject. Usenet - a worldwide network of servers that can be accessed through the Internet. Newsreader - a program included with most browsers that allows you to access a newsgroup and read or type messages. Real-time chat (RTC) - a typed discussion amongst online participants. Discussion question: In what ways has the Internet improved communications? In what ways has the Internet harmed communications?

Your Personal Cyberspace Relationships--online matchmaking Education--the rise of distance learning Health--patient self-education Entertainment--amusing yourself Distance learning - the name given to online education programs. Discussion question: Have any of you ever tried online matchmaking? What did you think of this use of the WWW? For those of you who have thought about it and discarded the notion, what were your objections?

E-Commerce E-tailing--retail commerce online Auctions--linking individual buyers and sellers Online finance--trading, banking, and e-money Online job hunting B2B commerce E-commerce (electronic commerce) - conducting business activities online. Discussion question: What is your favorite e-tailing site? What makes it your favorite? <Point browser at first site volunteered by a student. Then repeat this question and browser-pointing for each of the first four categories above.> B2B (Business-to-Business) commerce - the electronic sales or exchange of goods and services directly between companies, cutting out traditional intermediaries.

Concept Check What is the term for using the Net to make phone calls, either one-to-one or for audioconferencing? Internet telephony

Concept Check Which program allows you to connect to remote computers on the Internet using a username and a password? Telnet

Concept Check Which type of search site sends your query to several other different search tools and compiles the results? Metasearch site

Concept Check What is the method whereby you can connect to a remote computer and transfer files from it to your own microcomputer’s hard disk? FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

Concept Check Which language consists of tags, and is used to create web pages? Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

Concept Check What are the four components of a URL? The web protocol The name of the web server The directory on that server The file within that directory

Concept Check What is the name given to online education programs? Distance learning

Concept Check What is the term for writing an online message that uses derogatory, obscene, or inappropriate language? Flaming

Concept Check What is the term for keyboard-produced pictorial representations of expressions? Emoticons

Concept Check What is meant by “Gbps?” One gigabit per second--one billion bits per second.

Concept Check What is “netiquette?” Network etiquette--guides to appropriate online behavior

Concept Check What is the term for an independently controllable section of a Web page? A frame

Concept Check What is the term for a Website such as Yahoo! that groups together popular features such as search tools, e-mail, electronic commerce, and discussion groups? Portal

Concept Check What is broadband? Very high speed connection

Concept Check What is the term for the transmission of data from a remote computer to a local computer? Download

Concept Check What is the first component of a URL? The protocol (for example, “http”)

Concept Check What method of interaction with a Web page consists of little circles in front of user-selectable options? Radio buttons

Concept Check What type of program adds a specific feature to a browser, allowing it to play or view certain files? Plug-in

Concept Check What is the term for unsolicited e-mail in the form of advertising or chain letters? Spam

Concept Check What does RTC stand for? Real-time chat, a typed discussion among online users