Journal Entry Who are Remus and Romulus? Why are they significant?

The Roman Empire

Economic Issues Rome quickly accumulated a great amount of wealth. Wealthy families built latifundia – huge estates that used conquered people as slaves. Rise in unemployment -> population flocked to cities

The First Triumvirate Julius Caesar, Gnaeus Pompey, Licinius Crassus

Civil War Conflict erupts between Caesar and Pompey -> Caesar Wins Forces the senate to declare him dictator (eventually for life)

Julius Caesar Reforms Public works – employ the jobless Land reform – gave public land to the poor Expanded citizenship Introduced the Julian calendar

Julius Caesar Senate feared Caesar intended to make himself king of Rome Stabbed 23 times on the floor of the senate

The Second Triumvirate Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus

The Second Triumvirate Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus

Civil War (Again) Octavian defeats Antony (and Cleopatra)

Caesar Augustus Octavian would take the title of Augustus, or Exalted One. Absolute power -> named his successor No more democracy -> named his successor Roman Republic that stood for 500 years comes to an end (Republic -> Empire)

Political Reforms Stabilized government Ordered a census Postal service New form of currency Put the people to work The next 200 years of Imperial rule are known as the Pax Romana, or time of Roman peace.

Vesuvius Erupts!

Bread and Circuses Emperors held public spectacles, paid for with tax money, to entertain the masses. Gladiator battles Individual, groups, animals Naval reenactments Chariot Races The spectators would also receive free bread in an attempt to keep them content

Roman Advances in Literature, History, and Philosophy Greco-Roman civilization is the blending of Roman, Hellenistic, and Greek traditions. The Romans borrowed heavily from Greek culture after they conquered Greece.

Roman Advances in Art and Science Technology Built roads, bridges, and harbors throughout empire Built many aqueducts, or bridgelike stone structures that brought water from the hills into cities. Art Sculptors stressed realism. Artists depicted life scenes in frescoes and mosaics. A picture made from chips of colored stone or glass. Architecture Emphasized grandeur Improved column and arch Developed rounded dome

Roman Law During the Roman empire, these principles of law fostered unity and stability: An accused person was presumed to be innocent until proven guilty. The accused was permitted to face the accuser and offer a defense. Centuries later, these principles would become the basis for legal systems in Europe and the Americas.

Assessment Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus created the first _________________.

Assessment After defeating Marc Antony, Octavian had himself declared (changed his name to) _________________.

Assessment Roman emperors used tax-money to feed and entertain Romans through a practice known as ___________________.

Assessment What were the bridge-like stone structures that brought water from the hills to the cities?

Assessment True or False? In the Roman Law system, a person accused of a crime was guilty until proven innocent.

Assessment The blending of Greek, Roman, and Hellenistic culture was called _____________.