G. Koch D Session 3 – Block 3 – Question Barcelona May Experience with Combined Protection and Control IEDs Traditional panel with analogue relays and traditional control Modern panel with numerical multi-function relay 1

G. Koch D Session 3 – Block 3 – Question Barcelona May Transfer of external complexity into the IED Library Output Signals Logic Elements (Gates, Timers,...) Input Signals from Substation or from Internal Functions CFC Continuous Function Chart as per IEC

G. Koch D Session 3 – Block 3 – Question Barcelona May Transfer Time in the Production Workflow time Engineering Assembly of products Factory Test sequential Engineering Assembly of products parallel Traditional workflow Enhanced workflow 1

G. Koch D Session 3 – Block 3 – Question Barcelona May One feeder, one IED! Protection Metering Control Feeder data base R2S SCM Legend: R2R relay-to-relay coms R2S relay-to-subscriber coms R2R One Unique Feeder Data Base Some IEDs and 600 coordinated control systems have been sold today, 60% of them use coms 1

G. Koch D Session 3 – Block 3 – Question Barcelona May Accuracy class Current error at rated primary current Phase displacement at rated primary current Composite error at rated accuracy limit primary current 5P 10P ± 1 ± 3 ± 60 – 5 10 minutescentiradians ± 1.8 – % 0.5 FS 1 FS n.a. instrument security factor ± 0.5 1) ± 1 1) ± 30 1) ± 60 1) ± 0.9 1) ± 1.8 1) 1) Further accuracies at 10 %, 20%, 50 % and 100 % full load Accuracies of Instrument Transformers 1

G. Koch D Session 3 – Block 3 – Question Barcelona May time years sec Effects of failures Protection System affected! Partial brown outs Control Slow control by back-up facilities Metering & monitoring regionally blind Service time windows and availability ms Control Metering & Monitoring Protection (date & time unknown 0-2 times a year) Security and Dependability Aspects 1

G. Koch D Session 3 – Block 3 – Question Barcelona May configuration set points algorithm sampling self adaptation external adaptation Adaptive Relaying, verification of relay performance 3

G. Koch D Session 3 – Block 3 – Question Barcelona May trip trip section 1section 2 52.s NC -with 52.s closed full load of section 1 & 2 -with 52.s open only load of section 1 resp release 51.2 Legend 51.1normal sensitivity 51.2increased sensitivity Adaptive Relaying, verification of relay performance 3

G. Koch D Session 3 – Block 3 – Question Barcelona May Scope Boosts the Number of Set Points Motor protection Voltage Local-Remote-Control Command/Feed back 79M Auto reclosing I>, Ip I>>  I2> 86 Lock out IE>> IE>, IEp 50N51N IE>> IE>, IEp 27 V< 59 V> 81O/U f<> 74TC Trip circuit supervision PLC-Logic & HMI Communication- modules RS232/485 Fiber IEC Profibus FMS Meter I, Set points U, P, Q, f, cos  Energy meter calculated impulse Motor control Breaker-- failure protection Dirct. sens. Ground fault Directional 47 67N busbar N51N 50BF Inrush- blocking Phase rotation S67NS64 UE>IEE>> IEE> 52 Fault recording Fault locator 21FL I< locked Rotor /86 14 Start up monitor Lock out 33 4

G. Koch D Session 3 – Block 3 – Question Barcelona May set Points system-wide ca.5000 relays 200 set Points sub feeder 20 set Points 300 faults p. a. ca km OHL (fault rate 30 p. a. and 100 km) Relay operations Set points 4 flags OH-Line 1200 flags system-wide Data Management 4

G. Koch D Session 3 – Block 3 – Question Barcelona May Ergonomic Design for Simplicity in Handling Relays 1. One HMI program for all Intelligent Electronic Devices 2. Design according present style guides ergonomic aspects, usability tests 3. Function and application orientated structure (configuration, settings, routing, measurements, events,...) 4. Reducing the number of setting parameters advanced parameters (not directly visible) functions without parameters (acceptance ?) 6. Document management system: manual and on-line help 4

G. Koch D Session 3 – Block 3 – Question Barcelona May Semi self-setting Relays ALF e / ALF N I N,c.t : parameter I Diff I1I1 I1I1 Example: 10P10, e load < 5%, e Fault at k_ALF N = 10% Fault current tolerance e Fault Load current tolerance e Load Actual c.t. tolerance 4

G. Koch D Session 3 – Block 3 – Question Barcelona May T r = B i - R pa T r = 100% - 3%/pa T rt = 35 a T r = B i - R pa T r = 100% - 3%/pa T rt = 35 a Legend T r = remnant life time B i = installed base R pa = retrofitted relays p.a. Legend T r = remnant life time B i = installed base R pa = retrofitted relays p.a. Remnant Life Time of Protocols 5

G. Koch D Session 3 – Block 3 – Question Barcelona May IEC VDEW extensions Profibus FMS Profibus DP IEC DNP 3.0 Modbus Ethernet IEC station bus to 2001 IEC process bus relay com R2S R2R Subscriber Relay Exchangeable Communication Processors for Investment Security 5

G. Koch D Session 3 – Block 3 – Question Barcelona May Communication Standard for Tele-protection Purposes Tele-protection port separate from informative port for speed and security reasons DKE working group AK Übertragungsprotokolle, binärer Informationsaustausch zwischen Selektivschutzeinrichtungen über einen Hilfskanal ( Transmission Protocols, binary data exchange between relays over communication channels) Scope standard allocation of signals for fix allocation of distance and earth fault tele-protection schemes Two modes synchronous asynchronous 6

G. Koch D Session 3 – Block 3 – Question Barcelona May to relay or IED secondary current in mA range at full load good dynamic performance (at 2 *1,41 I F,therm. saturation after 25 ms) precise (accuracy < 0,2% above 50A) C.t. equivalent circuit M Coupling inductance Lf Eddy inductance L Coil inductance Rt Coil and conductor resistance Ra Calibration resistance Z Load impedance U 2 n = 22,5 mV  i 1 /I th,, I n = 50A Un 2 = 150 mV Small signal current transducer 8

G. Koch D Session 3 – Block 3 – Question Barcelona May Resistive voltage divider scale: primary: V N /1.73 secondary: 3,25 V/1.73 fixing panel secondary termination relay & meter primary termination ground V1 V2 8

G. Koch D Session 3 – Block 3 – Question Barcelona May Experience with Novel Instrument Transducers Some 2-3 years operation experience Some 30 Relays in service using novel v.t.s & c.t.s 1

G. Koch D Session 3 – Block 3 – Question Barcelona May Verification of Relay Performance Using Neural Networks Relay must ‘learn at the vendors test field’ Application test with a variety of fault conditions More practical ‘the characteristic of their traditional counterpart CIGRE final report ‘Analysis and Guidelines For Testing Numerical Protection Schemes-March 2000 Failure analysis may make relay engineer feel uncomfortable 9