Blood: The Body’s Internal Highway

I. Three main functions: A. Transportation 1. ______________________ 2. ______________________ 3. ______________________ 4. ______________________ 5. ______________________ a. Carbon dioxide b. Nitrogenous Wastes B. ______________________ 1. WBC 2. Clots C. ______________________ 1. Temperature 2. Blood’s pH – Buffers Carbon dioxide, Lactic Acid Makes blood acidic

II. Properties A. Color ______________________Hemoglobin B. Volume _______of total weight Males – ________L Females – ________ L C. Viscosity – ______________________ (RBC, WBC, Platelets) D. pH ___________use buffers to keep within narrow range. AcidosisAlkalosis

III. Only liquid tissue in the body Specialize connective tissue Mainly composed of water A. Plasma _______ _______ in color _______ _______ in color _______ water _______ water _______ dissolved substances _______ dissolved substancesProteinsNutrientsWastesElectrolytesGases

1. Plasma Proteins 50 different types 3 main classes a. ______________– 55% of plasma proteins. Thickens your blood, helps maintain osmotic pressure. b. ______________ – Antibodies 38% c. ______________ – 7% Precursor for fibrin – clotting. – clotting.

B. Other solutes 1. ____________________________(NPN). Amino Acids, Urea, Uric Acid Protein BreakdownN.A. Breakdown Removed by the kidneys 2. ______________ – Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide 3. ______________ 4. ______________ a. Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate

C. Formed Elements – ______________ RBC, WBC, Platelets 1. Analyze ________ – spinning blood ________– microscope

2. Hematoporesis Formation of formed elements ________– yolk sac, liver, spleen ________– yolk sac, liver, spleen ________– Red bone marrow, stem cells ________– Red bone marrow, stem cells ________________ ________________

3. RBC – ________________ _______of formed elements _______of total blood volume male ________ female ________ Goal – ________ oxygen & carbon dioxide a. Structure – ___________ 1. Lacks a nuclei, organelles 2. Live only 120 days b. Function – ___________ Oxygen from lungs to body Carbon dioxide from body to lungs

c. In the Lungs Hemogloblin 1/3 volume of RBC ______ + ______ = Hold O2 (Bright red) ______ + ______ = Hold O2 (Bright red) d. In the Tissues Gives up ________ & binds to ________. e. Life cycle – ________ ________ ________ Unable to repair ________.

f. Amount to RBC is carefully controlled by the ________ & ________. (Measures the amount of O2 in the blood) 1. ________–> ________ -> ________. 2. More blood cells are produced 3. ________ die every hour. g. Recycling Center 1. ________________________________ 2. Reuse the cell parts & remove any toxic products. 3. WBC – Macrophages – eat RBC’s & breaks down hemoglobin. 4.Liver * ________– greenish * ________ – orangish * breaks down RBC’s & converts to bile. * Iron is reused in the red bone marrow.

h. ________ 1. Reduction of RBC’s, therefore lost ability to transport gases. 2. Types of anemia ________– shortage of folic acid & vitamin B. ________– shortage of folic acid & vitamin B. ________________– Loss of blood. ________________– Loss of blood. _______________– RBC’s are being destroyed by your own body faster than they are being replaced. _______________– RBC’s are being destroyed by your own body faster than they are being replaced.CAUSES Viral, bacterial, genetic. ex- sickle cell anemia prolong drowsiness, fevers, abdominal pain few live past 40 yrs.

Review What is the shape of a RBC? What is the shape of a RBC? What does a RBC have instead of a nucleus? What does a RBC have instead of a nucleus? Why are RBC red? Why are RBC red? What is anemia? What is anemia?

4. White Blood Cells – ________ a. Less than _______of total blood volume b. 5,000 – 10,000 mm3

c. Two Types 1. ________________ – Have ________ Lobed nucleus Produced within RBC centers. ____________ – Most abundant ____________ – Most abundant 2-5 lobes 60% WBC’s Stain Pink in neutral stain.

________ – ________ – 1-4% of WBC’s Red stain with eosin Only 2 lobes ________ – ________ –.5% or less of WBC’s. Large granules. Stain blue with a basic stain. Only 2 lobes in a “S” shape.

2. ____________ – lack of granules a. ________ 3-8% of WBC Very Large Round with oval nuclei Phagocitize “Eat” foreign particles. b. ________ % of WBC’s Same size as RBC’s _______________ = ________________. _______________ = ________________. _______________ = ________________ ________ _______________ = ________________ ________

Review What is the function of WBC’s What is the function of WBC’s What is the difference between RBC’s & WBC’s? What is the difference between RBC’s & WBC’s? What are the two main groups of WBC’s? What are the two main groups of WBC’s?

3. Platelets - ________________ 150,000 – 300,000 a. Round b. 1/10 the size of RBC’s c. Forms platelet plugs

d. ________________ – ________________ 1. Blood Vessels break – loss of blood a. ________________ in blood vessels ________ ________ to ________ blood loss (under 30 minutes). b. ________ is released, which prolongs smooth muscle contraction if needed. 2. ________________ a. Platelets arrive 1. Increase in size. 2. Irregular shape 3. Surface become sticky 4. More platelets clump together & forms a plug 3. ________________– Most effective a. Results in formation of blood clot. b. Fibrinogen converted into fibrin

c. Clot Formation Platelets (releases ________ + Ca)  ________  ________  ________  ________(Clot) ________ + Ca)  ________  ________  ________  ________(Clot) d. Once clot is repaired. 1. ________ from neighboring connective tissue strengthens the clot & seal the tear. e. ________ blood clot dissolves & returns fibrinogen into plasma (Recycling)

Review What is the process of stopping bleeding? What is the process of stopping bleeding? What is the first step of stopping the blood? What is the first step of stopping the blood? Which step is the most effective method to stop bleeding? Which step is the most effective method to stop bleeding?

e. Problems 1. Blood clots when it is not needed. Atherosclerosis ___________ – undesirable blood clot. ___________ – undesirable blood clot. ___________ – Free floating blood clot. ___________ – Free floating blood clot. 2. Can not form a blood clot ___________ – liver disease (Little or no Vitamin K). ___________ – liver disease (Little or no Vitamin K). Inability to form clots due to lack of clotting factors.

IV. Blood Groups Surface proteins (Antigens) on RBC 2 antigens in ABO system 1. “A” 2. “B” Blood TypeAntigenAntibody AABAABAABAAB BBABBABBABBA ABA & BNone ONoneA & B

Who has which blood types? TYPES DISTRIBUTION RATIOS O + 1 person in % O + 1 person in % O - 1 person in % O - 1 person in % A + 1 person in % A + 1 person in % A - 1 person in % A - 1 person in % B + 1 person in % B + 1 person in % B - 1 person in % B - 1 person in % AB + 1 person in % AB + 1 person in % AB - 1 person in %

Review If you are blood type A, what antigens do you have? If you are blood type A, what antigens do you have? If you are blood type AB, which antibodies do you have? If you are blood type AB, which antibodies do you have? If you are blood type O, who can you receive blood from safely? If you are blood type O, who can you receive blood from safely?

V. Rh System A. Rhesus Monkey 1. Rh Antigens Present + Absent – Absent – B. Inherited C. Rh sensitization with blood transfusion. 1. Only time when it is a problem a. ______ receives from ______ b. Recipient produces ______ to protect against from foreign blood type. c. ______ with first encounter. (never had time to develop antibodies for defense. d. ____________, blood will _________ (clump together) because antibodies for Rh are already present from ______ encounter.

2. ____________ of the ____________ a. _____is _____, _____ is _____ b. _____ blood mixes with mother’s across the placenta or tearing when the placenta is separated from the mother. c. Mother develops _____ due to exposure to foreign _____ from the baby. d. First baby is born with no problems. e. _____________________________ 1. mother’s antibodies will _____ the ________. 2. _________ with the fetus’s RBC’s. 3. Erythroblasts or hemolytic Disease – _____ Results – _____ Prevention – _____ – makes mother tolerant to Rh+

Hemolytic disease of the new born

VI. Diseases A. __________ – Reduction of RBC’s Sickle Cell (Inherited) B. __________ – Disorder of coagulation Treatment – replace missing factors. C. __________ - Sever blood loss. D. __________ – Cancer of the blood Too many WBC’s crowd out production of RBC’s. E. __________ – Infection of blood Stream by a parasite. Destroys RBC’s F. __________ - Disturbance of blood circulation 1. __________– Decrease blood volume 2. __________– Failure of the heart. 3. __________– Lower ability to transport blood.

Pop Quiz 1. Who can Blood Type B give blood to? 2. Why is blood type O considered the universal donor, but can not received from other types? 3. Why can only blood type AB can receive from all blood types?

Matching 1.Anemia A. Cancer of the blood (too many WBC’s) 2. Hemophilia B. In general a disturbance of blood circulation 3. Hemorrhage C. Shock due a decrease blood volume 4. Leukemia D. Reduction of RBC’s (Ex. Sickle cell) 5. Malaria E. Shock due to lower ability to transport blood 6. ShockF. Disorder of coagulation (Can’t clot) 7. Hypovolemic Shock G. Shock due to failure of the heart. 8. Cardiogenic Shock H. Severe blood loss due to excessive bleeding 9. Vascular Shock I. Infection of blood Stream by a parasite.