Open Book to page 123 Answer the following questions: Bellringer Open Book to page 123 Answer the following questions: Write a paragraph that describes YOUR habitat. Describe how you obtain food, water, and shelter from your habitat. How does your habitat meet your needs in ways that other habitats do not. TURN YOUR ARTICLE IN TO THE STICKER BOX

Environmental Science Chapter 4: Population Ecology TURN YOUR ARTICLE IN TO THE STICKER BOX

Chapter 4: Population Ecology SIGN IN This week’s Goals and Objectives: Describe the different levels of organizations studied by ecologists. Explain the difference between biotic and abiotic factors. Give examples. Discuss how an organisms habitat relates to its survival. Discuss the usefulness of tracking population size. Describe the three ways populations can be distributed. Explain what age structure diagrams tell you about a population. Describe the factors that influence a population’s growth rate. Explain exponential growth and logistic growth. Explain how limiting factors and biotic potential affect population growth.

Chapter 9: Surface Water Answer and Turn in today! Describe how surface water can move eroded materials. Explain how a stream carries its load. Describe how a floodplain develops. Describe the physical features of stream development Describe the relationship between meanders and stream flow Explain the process of rejuvenation in the development of a stream. Explain the formation of lakes and wetlands Describe the process of eutrophication Recognize the effects of human activity on lake development.

SIGN IN TURN IT IN TODAY Page : 103 questions: 1,2,3 Get an environmental science book (FROG on it) Do the following questions…DO NOT WRITE the question, only the answers Page : 103 questions: 1,2,3 Page : 109 questions: 1,3,4 Page : 117 questions: 1,2,3 Page : 122 questions: 17-21, 26 TURN IT IN TODAY

SIGN IN Page : 231 questions: 1-4 Page : 237 questions: 1-3 Get an EARTH SCIENCE book: Chapter 9 Do the following questions…DO NOT WRITE the question, only the answers Page : 231 questions: 1-4 Page : 237 questions: 1-3 Page : 241 questions: 1-3 Page : 245 questions: 1-7 Page : 247 questions: 30-35 TURN IT IN TODAY

What is ecology? The study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environments WRITE

Defining an ecosystem Ecosystem: all the organisms living in an area together Forest Ecosystem Pond Ecosystem Vacant Lot Ecosystem Desert Ecosystem WRITE

All Ecosystems are connected How does your ecosystem impact the Atlantic Ocean? DO NOT WRITE

Parts of an ecosystem In order for an ecosystem to survive there must be certain basic parts Energy Mineral nutrients Carbon dioxide Water Oxygen and more WRITE

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Biotic vs. Abiotic Biotic: living parts of the ecosystem Plants, animals, bacteria, etc. Abiotic: nonliving parts of the ecosystem Sunlight, soil, air, temperature WRITE

Organizing Biotic Parts largest Organizing Biotic Parts WRITE smallest

Smallest Unit Organism: an individual living thing like you, a tree, a fox, a rose Species are groups of organisms WRITE

Species Species: groups of organisms that resemble each other in: appearance Behavior Chemistry genetic makeup able to reproduce VIABLE offspring 3.6 to 100 million species (1.4 identified) WRITE

Population Population: all the members of the same species that live in the same place at the same time WRITE

Community Community: a group of various species that live in the same place and interact with each other. WRITE

Ecosystem: all the organisms living in an area together WRITE

Biosphere All parts of the Earth where life is found WRITE

Habitat Habitats provide an organism with resources—anything an organism needs to survive and reproduce, including food, shelter, and mates. WRITE

Review: What is a population? Population: all the members of the same species that live in the same place at the same time Field mice living in a corn field, grizzly bears of Yellowstone Park area Wolves in Yellowstone NP

Population Size Why care about the size of the population? How can scientists estimate the population (say of Elephant Seals on a beach in CA)? WRITE

Population Size The number of individuals in a population at a given time Sudden and dramatic decreases in population size can indicate an unhealthy population headed toward extinction. Ecologists often use sampling techniques to estimate population size. WRITE

Estimating Population How can you estimate the population of trees in this valley? WHY NOT COUNT THEM ALL? WHY IS SAMPLING NEEDED?

Population Density Measure of how crowded a population is WRITE Measure of how crowded a population is Larger organisms generally have lower population densities. Low population density: More space, resources; finding mates can be difficult High population density: Finding mates is easier; tends to be more competition; more infectious disease; more vulnerability to predators

Population Distribution WRITE How organisms are arranged within an area: UNIFORM RANDMOM CLUMPED Occurs where resources needed are found throughout, wildflowers in meadow Occurs when individuals hold territory or compete for space. Plants in desert Most Common. Occurs where resources are together. Water hole in desert, humans in cities

Population Distribution Uniform distribution: Organisms evenly spaced Random distribution: Organisms arranged in no particular pattern Clumped distribution: Organisms grouped near resources; most common distribution in nature WRITE

Sex Ratios Proportion of males to females WRITE Sex Ratios Proportion of males to females Age structure diagrams give information about sex ratios. For a monogamous species, the ideal sex ratio is 50:50. Why is 50/50 not as important in non-monogamous populations?

Survivorship Page 111 in Frog Book WRITE Survivorship Page 111 in Frog Book Individuals of different ages have different probabilities of dying Survivorship curves show how the likelihood of death varies with age.

WRITE Type I survivorship curves are for species that have a high survival rate of the young, live out most of their expected life span and die in old age. Humans are a good example of a species with a Type I survivorship curve Type II survivorship curves are for species that have a relatively constant death rate throughout their life span. Death could be due to hunting or diseases. Examples of species exhibiting a Type II survivorship curve are coral, squirrels, honey bees and many reptiles.

Type III survivorship curves are found in species that have many young, most of which die very early in their life. Plants, oysters and sea urchins are examples of species that have Type III survivorship curves. WRITE

Patterns of Growth EXPONETIAL GROWTH WRITE EXPONETIAL GROWTH Population increases by a fixed percentage every year. Normally occurs only when small populations are introduced to an area with ideal environmental conditions Rarely lasts long WHAT SHAPE DOES EXPONENTIAL GROWTH LOOK LIKE? Starts slowly, then takes off – “J-Shaped Curve”

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Limiting Factors WRITE Limiting Factor Principle: too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are near or above optimum.

Carrying Capacity Limiting Factors lead to Carrying Capacity: the largest population an environment can sustain. WRITE

Biotic Potential An organism’s maximum ability to produce offspring in ideal conditions Many factors influence biotic potential, including gestation time and generation time. Organisms with high biotic potential can recover more quickly from population declines than organisms with low biotic potential. WRITE

Open Book to page 122 Answer questions 17-23 25-26 Class work Open Book to page 122 Answer questions 17-23 25-26