CS38010 Professional Issues in Software Engineering Sustainability

Sustainability What we will cover Various aspects of resource usage in IT What it means to you Sustainability in this lecture does not include global warming aspects

What is sustainable IT? Sustainable or 'green' IT is a catch-all term used to describe: Sustainable or 'green' IT is a catch-all term used to describe: the manufacture the manufacture the management and use the management and use the disposal the disposal of information technology in a way that minimizes damage to the environment. As a result, the term has many different meanings, depending on whether you are a manufacturer, manager or user of technology. As a result, the term has many different meanings, depending on whether you are a manufacturer, manager or user of technology.

What is the goal of sustainable IT? The goal behind most green initiatives, including green IT, is to promote environmental sustainability. The goal behind most green initiatives, including green IT, is to promote environmental sustainability. In 1987, the World Commission on Environment and Development defined sustainability as an approach to economic development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In 1987, the World Commission on Environment and Development defined sustainability as an approach to economic development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

What is sustainable IT manufacturing? Sustainable IT manufacturing refers to methods of producing products in a way that does not harm the environment Sustainable IT manufacturing refers to methods of producing products in a way that does not harm the environment It encompasses: It encompasses: everything from reducing the amount of harmful chemicals used in products (such as lead and mercury) everything from reducing the amount of harmful chemicals used in products (such as lead and mercury) to making them more energy efficient and packaging them with recycled materials to making them more energy efficient and packaging them with recycled materials

EQUIPMENT LIFE CYCLE Materials Manufacture Transport Use Disposal

What is sustainable IT management and use? Sustainable IT management and use has to do with the way a company manages its IT assets. Sustainable IT management and use has to do with the way a company manages its IT assets. It includes purchasing energy-efficient desktops, notebooks, servers and other IT equipment, as well as managing the power consumption of that equipment. It includes purchasing energy-efficient desktops, notebooks, servers and other IT equipment, as well as managing the power consumption of that equipment. It also refers to the environmentally safe disposal of that equipment, through recycling or donation at the end of its lifecycle. It also refers to the environmentally safe disposal of that equipment, through recycling or donation at the end of its lifecycle.

What is sustainable IT disposal? Sustainable IT disposal refers to the safe disposal of IT assets. Sustainable IT disposal refers to the safe disposal of IT assets. It ensures that old computer equipment does not end up in a landfill, where the toxic substances it contains can leach into groundwater, among other problems. It ensures that old computer equipment does not end up in a landfill, where the toxic substances it contains can leach into groundwater, among other problems. Many of the major hardware manufacturers offer take-back programs, so IT departments don't have to take responsibility for disposal. Many of the major hardware manufacturers offer take-back programs, so IT departments don't have to take responsibility for disposal.

WEEE: Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment The WEEE Directive came into force in January 2007 and aims to both reduce the amount of WEEE being produced and encourage everyone to reuse, recycle and recover it. The Directive also aims to improve the environmental performance of businesses that manufacture, supply, use, recycle and recover electrical and electronic equipment

What does it have to do with me? No one seriously disputes that global fossil fuel resources are running out No one seriously disputes that global fossil fuel resources are running out Coal & Shale gas still have many decades of reserves Coal & Shale gas still have many decades of reserves IT is an energy hog. IT is an energy hog. Gartner estimates that power consumption by computers accounts for 2 per cent of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Gartner estimates that power consumption by computers accounts for 2 per cent of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. That's roughly equal to the carbon output of the airline industry. (Airlines are reducing this with better engines and wings) That's roughly equal to the carbon output of the airline industry. (Airlines are reducing this with better engines and wings)

Economic Context Rising energy costs Rising energy costs Increased demand Increased demand Tipping point in supply Tipping point in supply Environmental policy to allow energy cost to rise Environmental policy to allow energy cost to rise Data Centres represent an increasing proportion of overall business cost Data Centres represent an increasing proportion of overall business cost It’s going to hurt! It’s going to hurt!

Social Context Energy used by IT – comparisons to Aviation Energy used by IT – comparisons to Aviation Rising public awareness Rising public awareness Impacts of energy use – climate change (maybe) Impacts of energy use – climate change (maybe) Data Centres represent an easy target for protest Data Centres represent an easy target for protest Demonstrate that the industry is not profligate with energy Demonstrate that the industry is not profligate with energy

Some Education Figures University of Sheffield Lowestoft College City College Norwich Total Electricity (kWh) 8,680,806 (100%) 453,714 (100%) 1,241,700 (100%) PCs and monitors 4,164,477 (48%) 197,402 (44%) 510,896 (41%) Servers 1,520,736 (18%) 135,999 (30%) 226,665 (18%) HPC Hi Performance Computing 1,208,617 (14%) 00 Imaging 835,659 (10%) 42,171 (9%) 236,901 (19%) Networks 687,362 (8%) 68,538 (15%) 156,629 (13%) AV 61,598 (1%) 7,482 (2%) 89,936 (7%) Telephony 202,356 (2%) 2,122 (<1%) 12,790 (1%)

IT In HE ICT in UK HE - 760,000 PCs - 215,000 servers - 147,000 networked printers - 512,000 Mwh of electricity - 275,000 tonnes of CO2 - over £60 million in 2009 ICT in UK HE - 760,000 PCs - 215,000 servers - 147,000 networked printers - 512,000 Mwh of electricity - 275,000 tonnes of CO2 - over £60 million in 2009 (Estimate ) (Estimate )

POTENTIAL MEASURES BY IT? Specifying lower power equipment Specifying lower power equipment Automatic powerdown of networked devices Automatic powerdown of networked devices Extending longevity Extending longevity Modifying data centre layout Modifying data centre layout Increasing computer CPU utilisation Increasing computer CPU utilisation Minimising storage Minimising storage Thin client in specialised applications Thin client in specialised applications Short TermMedium Term

Awareness campaigns Awareness campaigns Upgrading data centre power supply arrangements Upgrading data centre power supply arrangements Increasing use of videoconferencing Increasing use of videoconferencing Free cooling of data centres Free cooling of data centres Effective document and print management Effective document and print management Short TermMedium Term

CARDIFF UNIVERSITY Low power servers Low power servers Chilled water cooling Chilled water cooling Efficient layout Efficient layout Efficient UPS Efficient UPS

QUEEN MARGARET UNIVERSITY Edinburgh Wanted greenest building in UK Wanted greenest building in UK PCs main barrier PCs main barrier 98% thin client 98% thin client 25-30% space savings 25-30% space savings

19 AVE MARIA UNIVERSITY Florida Intrusion Detection Fire Alarm System Power System Elevator Mgmt. Lighting Controls HVAC Control Evacuation Management Security Users Building Maintenance Users Access Control (security system) Campus Security

Some thoughts Electronic communication is better for sustainability? Do desk top printers pose a threat to the environment? What is the largest social network doing about it?

As outlined in Greenpeace’s Make IT Green report (March 2010): The amount of electricity produced and consumed to power the Internet, not including the devices used to access it Estimated to exceed 622 billion kilowatt hours in This would place it 5th if ranked among countries by annual electricity consumption

Facebook Servers June 2010 the company was running at least 60,000 servers in its data centres up from 30,000 in ,000 back in April 2008 Predominately coal but new hydro system in Sweden

Facebook Power Estimates vary Some mix up internet with Facebook figures Most “sensible” estimates put Facebook energy consumption more than 50% New York City and rising - exponentially in the next few years

Facebook Pac&feature=player_embedded Pac&feature=player_embedded Greenpeace movie View, listen and read articles for further information Pac&feature=player_embedded Pac&feature=player_embedded Greenpeace movie View, listen and read articles for further information

Finally Sustainability is important for you now and the future. Sustainability is important for you now and the future. Don’t be sucked in by so called “experts”. Don’t be sucked in by so called “experts”. Look at total energy and footprint costs. Look at total energy and footprint costs. Look at other solutions Look at other solutions Free cooling Free cooling Use heat in winter Use heat in winter Recycling, insulation, use of heat and more..... Recycling, insulation, use of heat and more.....