Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 21 Mental Health Diseases and Disorders

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Common Signs and Symptoms Typically begin with behavioral changes Slow-developing and very subtle May not be noticed early in development of disorder Forgetfulness, anxiety, and temper tantrums

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diagnostic Tests Physiologic tests –Brain scans, EEGs, and MRIs Referral to psychiatrist for psychological testing –Aptitude and personality tests

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Developmental Mental Health Disorders Intellectual disability –Formerly known as mental retardation –Symptoms: Decreased intelligence Decreased ability to learn, socialize, and mature –Known causes: Genetic Acquired

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Developmental Mental Health Disorders Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder –Symptoms: Inability to concentrate Hyperactivity Impulsiveness –Cause unknown, but seems familial –Treatment: Amphetamines

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Developmental Mental Health Disorders Eating disorders –Compulsion to eat or avoid eating that affects individual’s mental and physical condition –Most common: Anorexia nervosa Bulimia

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Developmental Mental Health Disorders Tic disorders –Sudden, rapid muscle movement or vocalization E.g., eye blinking, facial grimacing, neck or shoulder jerking, throat clearing, snorting, grunting Enuresis –Bedwetting –Urinary incontinence after toilet training

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Substance-Related Mental Disorders Diagnosis used –Instead of drug addiction Common terms: –Addiction –Dependency –Tolerance –Withdrawal

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Substance-Related Mental Disorders Alcohol –Alcoholism Physical and mental dependence on alcohol –Chronic –Progressive –Often fatal

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Substance-Related Mental Disorders Marijuana –Also known as pot –Euphoric effect Cocaine –Accelerant to CNS and anesthetic

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Substance-Related Mental Disorders Methamphetamine –Fastest growing abused drug today –Addictive potent CNS stimulant Caffeine and nicotine –Most common addictive substances Sedatives or depressants –Anti-anxiety medications

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Substance-Related Mental Disorders Amphetamines –Release epinephrine leading to increased heart rate, respiration, and digestion Hallucinogens –Also known as psychedelic drugs –E.g., lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, phencyclidine (PCP)

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Substance-Related Mental Disorders Narcotics –Depressants primarily prescribed as analgesics –E.g., heroin, opium Inhalants –Abused legal substances –Taken by huffing, snuffing, and bagging –E.g., glue, nail polish, lighter fluid

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Substance-Related Mental Disorders Anabolic steroids –Abused by athletes to produce increases in muscle strength, lean body mass, and improved performance –Dangerous long-term effects

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Organic Mental Disorders Associated with physical cause Affect cognition and ability to think, remember, and make judgments May be temporary or permanent

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Organic Mental Disorders Dementia –Deterioration of mental abilities due to physical changes in brain Delirium –Acute condition from medications, alcohol, fever, or illness Alzheimer’s disease –Progressive, irreversible form of dementia

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Psychosis Disintegration of one’s personality Impaired communication skills Inability to deal with life’s demands Delusions and hallucinations

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Psychosis Schizophrenia –Loss of touch with reality –Delusions Delusional disorders –Belief in delusion in otherwise normally adjusted and balanced personality –Treatment: Antipsychotic medications

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Psychosis Delusional disorders –Types: Grandiose Jealous Erotomanic Persecutory Somatic

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Mood or Affective Disorders Depression –Prolonged feeling of extreme sadness, unhappiness, despair, or discouragement Seasonal affective disorder –Depressive condition during winter months

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Mood or Affective Disorders Bipolar disorder (manic depressive) –Extreme depression and mania occur –Mood disorder questionnaire (MDQ) aids physician in identifying symptoms

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Dissociative Disorders Changes in identity or consciousness Types: –Psychogenic amnesia –Psychogenic fugue –Depersonalization –Multiple personality

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Anxiety Disorders Anxiety –Usual temporary response to stress becomes chronic May be related to genetic factors, severe stress, biochemical alterations, and in some cases, physical causes –E.g., hyperthyroidism

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Anxiety Disorders Types: –Generalized anxiety disorder –Panic disorder –Phobia disorder –Obsessive-compulsive disorder –Post-traumatic stress disorder

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Somatoform Disorders Physical symptoms, but no organic cause found Conversion –Hysterical neurosis Hypochondriasis –Abnormal anxiety about one’s body and health

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Somatoform Disorders Pain disorder –Pain does not have physiologic cause Malingering –False display of symptoms for financial or personal reward Munchausen syndrome –Simulation of illness for no other reason than to receive treatment

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Personality Disorders Types: –Paranoid –Schizoid –Antisocial –Narcissistic –Histrionic

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Gender Identity Disorder Individual uncomfortable or distressed with sexual identity Adults may seek hormonal or surgical intervention for sex change

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Sexual Disorders Types: –Exhibitionism –Fetishism –Transvestic fetishism –Frotteurism

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Sexual Disorders Types: –Pedophilia –Sexual sadism –Sexual masochism –Voyeurism

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Sleep Disorders Types: –Insomnia –Narcolepsy –Sleep apnea –Nightmare disorder –Sleep terror –Sleepwalking

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Trauma Grief –Natural process of coping with loss Suicide –Major concern with teenagers

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The Older Adult Disorders may occur in early childhood or later in life Important to distinguish if actual mental health problem or physiologic or system-specific disorder Some symptoms due to aging process or side effects of medications