Chapter By: Kainoa Todd Kainoa Canario Alex Schab Eli Teo Marcus Ornelles

Analytical Themes America became increasingly industrialized after the Civil War due to a rise in technological advances (transportation and communication). Immigration rates rose, also due to technology (steamship allowed for easier transportation), industrialization, and push and pull factors. Rise in immigration caused unrest in the American work force, creating unions and a strive for economic and social betterment. Unions were often a result of not only a backlash toward business but immigrants, accelerates the extreme nativist views (Social Darwinism) during this period. The rapid rise in immigration led to poor urban infrastructure and developed the grounds for economic improvement. The pace of life directly correlated with increased technological developments and led to more leisure time, thus focusing American life on other aspects (such as sports) rather than on solely making a living.

Darwinism in American Society Charles Darwin was a writer that published the novel “The Origins of Species” in 1859 ◦ This novel had a major influence on many people by the 1870s His theory of evolution was beginning to influence opinion in the United States Social Darwinism is the belief that the activities of people were governed by the Darwinism principle that “the fittest will always survive” if allowed to exercise their capacities without restrictions “Only The Strong Will Survive”

The Work Force The Types of People ◦ Middle Class ◦ Wage Earners ◦ Working Women ◦ Farmers

Middle Class Industrialization brought about changes within the society, including that of an expanding middle-class The cost of living was relatively low An income of $1000 was considered comfortable Women maintained a family with fewer children ◦ Fewer children meant better education and the ability to increase maximum profits in families

Wage Earners Industrialization spurred the shift from manual to mechanized labor and had enormous positive and negative impacts on workers The number of hours worked decreased from the 1860 average of 11 hours to 10 hours in 1880 Wage levels increased especially for skilled labor. Unskilled, generalized laborers still received a wage too low to live on Increased mechanization reduced the need for unskilled labor

Working Women Women began to supply a significant part of the work force, though most jobs were regarded as strictly feminine positions: nursing, secretarial positions, house servants, and grade school teachers As with men, unskilled women workers received lower pay and endured tougher working conditions than that of skilled laborers Almost all women received a wage lower than men

Farmers While the number of farmers and their productivity increased in the late 1800's, their relative importance to the economy decreased due to the emergence of industry Many farmer's objected to their reduced role in society by taking a more active role in the purchase of machinery, fertilizer, and other goods Farmers located near large markets in the east prospered, while farmers in the deep south, the plains, and the southwest barely got by The rural population increased from 2.5 million to 40.8 million

The Incentives of Immigration Old incentives ◦To protect their way of life (against WASP ideas) ◦To assimilate new immigrants into pre- structured American culture New incentives ◦Earn money to return to home country and support family ◦Earn money to make a living in America and bring family to the U.S.

The Churches Respond to the Industrial Society Protestant and Catholic churches approached overpopulation by ignoring the issue The church was upset with the rise of sin, but they could not make the connection between the rise of sin and the conditions caused by over-crowding

…Continued Some evangelists began to realize that because of the Industrial Revolution and the growth of the cities, a "new ball game" was being played Dwight L. Moody: Was an evangelist who founded missions in slums ◦ He led the development of such organizations as the YMCA (1851), and the Salvation Army (1880) Mark Twain: wrote The Gilded Age, which became the name for this time period Charles M. Sheldon: He wrote "In His Steps”, a book that urged people to follow Jesus' example Dwight L. Moody Mark Twain Charles M. Sheldon

Sports: Football Vs. Basketball FootballBasketball Princeton defeated Rutgers in the first inter-collegiate game in 1869 Contact Sport In the 1800's two types of football were developed. The first allowed players to only kick the ball. But it was changed when a player took the ball under his arm and ran down the field. The clubs devoted to the kicking game met in London in 1863 and formed the London Football Association. This game was called association football, later called soccer. The clubs that favored the kicking version met in 1871 and organized the Rugby Football Union. James Naismith hung the first peach basket in 1891 It was meant to not be a contact sport, but it does have a good deal of physical interaction Dr. Naismith, born in 1861 in Ontario, Canada first came up with the concept of basketball during his youth school days in the area where he played a game that involved knocking a rock off an object by attempting to throw another rock at it. The game obviously evolved from there and began the history of basketball.

Development in Public Education Local schools were in terrible shape and immigrants needed education Schools were controlled by political machines and were often in terrible conditions- only the privileged in private schools gained exemplary education Jane Addams' protests were joined by John Dewey from the University of Chicago Dewey argued that education was the fundamental means of both progress and reform in the nation

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