Michael Schwartz Chief Technology Officer 3GSolar Photovoltaics Ltd. Leading Developer of 3 rd Generation Photovoltaics 3GSolar Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Technology Optical Engineering 2014 February 2014

Outline -Company Background -What is a DSC? -Why DSC? -3GSolar R&D Program -3GSolar Markets -Summary 2

Background on 3GSolar Photovoltaics -Start-up company located in Jerusalem, Israel -Team of 15 with broad experience in solar energy, dye cells, batteries, capacitors and materials -Management headed by Barry Breen (CEO) and Dr. Jonathan Goldstein (President) -Recent funding round successfully completed with Solar Partnership (UK), Israel Electric Co. and Ningbo (China) -Aggressive business plan in place to raise efficiencies and compete in the builidng-integrated and plastic PV market sectors 3

Background on 3GSolar Photovoltaics 4

What is a DSC? 5 -DSCs first invented in 1991 by M. Gratzel and B. O’Regan -Described as an artificial photosynthesis -Cells are comprised of a photoanode of nano-titania coated with a self-assembling monolayer of dye, a redox electrolyte and a nanocarbon-based counter electrode on glass (cathode)

What is a DSC? 6 -Titania -Nanosized 15-40nm with high surface area -Dyes -Ruthenium-based using polypyridyl ligands -Phthalocyanines and porphyrins -Wide range of organic dyes -Need to have proper energetics -LUMO above TiO 2 conduction band -HOMO below electrolyte redox potential -Electrolyte -Iodide/triiodide couple most common but record performance with Co 2+/3+ couple -Also solid-state hole conducting polymers -Cathode Catalyst -Pt most common but carbon nanotubes, graphene and others used

DSC State-of-the Art 7 3GSolar Relative Performance

Why DSC? 8 DSCs Have Several Advantages over Conventional PV FeaturesAdvantagesBenefits Screen Printing Manufacturing Inexpensive ProcessLow cost of production Not Vacuum Based Low plant Cap Ex Smaller Plant Sizes –profitable at <20MW Nanoparticle Ceramic Structure Low Light Operation For outdoor applications, can produce up to 40% more power per rated watt than conventional silicon over the course of the day; For indoor applications produces >100uW/cm 2 where amorphous Si produces <5uW/cm 2 TransparentCan be used in windows, skylights, sunroofs, etc. Thin Film Flexible Can be shaped to fit surfaces of consumer electronics or building structures LightweightUseful for portable devices Dye as Light AbsorberRange of Colors Adding and/or matching of colors to building interior or exterior surfaces

Why DSC? 9 DSCs Have Several Advantages over Conventional PV FeaturesAdvantagesBenefits Screen Printing Manufacturing Inexpensive ProcessLower cost of production – $0.35/W Not Vacuum Based Lower plant Cap Ex - $0.35million/MW Smaller Plant Sizes –profitable at <20MW Nanoparticle Ceramic Structure Low Light Operation For outdoor applications, can produce up to 40% more power per rated watt than conventional silicon over the course of the day; For indoor applications produces >100uW/cm 2 where amorphous Si produces <5uW/cm 2 TransparentCan be used in windows, skylights, sunroofs, etc. Thin Film Flexible Can be shaped to fit surfaces of consumer electronics or building structures LightweightUseful for portable devices Dye as Light AbsorberRange of Colors Adding and/or matching of colors to building interior or exterior surfaces

10 3GSolar DSC module shows >10% difference in cumulative energy production per watt over the course of a sunny day Why DSC?

11 Better Light Conversion Over Course of Day

Why DSC? 12 Better Light Conversion Over Course of Weeks

Why DSC? 13 Better Light Conversion under Indoor Conditions At 200 Lux, the 3GSolar DSC is 9.5 times more efficient than an 18.5% efficient mono-crystalline Si cell, and 3.5 times more efficient than an amorphous Si cell.

Why DSC? 14 DSCs Have Several Advantages over Conventional PV FeaturesAdvantagesBenefits Screen Printing Manufacturing Inexpensive ProcessLower cost of production – $0.35/W Not Vacuum Based Lower plant Cap Ex - $0.35million/MW Smaller Plant Sizes –profitable at <20MW Nanoparticle Ceramic Structure Low Light Operation For outdoor applications, can produce up to 40% more power per rated watt than conventional silicon over the course of the day; For indoor applications produces >100uW/cm 2 where amorphous Si produces <5uW/cm 2 TransparentCan be used in windows, skylights, sunroofs, etc. Thin Film Flexible Can be shaped to fit surfaces of consumer electronics or building structures LightweightUseful for portable devices Dye as Light AbsorberRange of Colors Adding and/or matching of colors to building interior or exterior surfaces

Why DSC? 15 DSCs Have Several Advantages over Conventional PV Transparent DSC module installed in algae growing tank producing both biomass and electricity in same area.

3GSolar R&D Program 16 Technical Issues -Our goal is to achieve 10% efficiency in a large (225cm 2 ) cell with 20 years stability -Areas requiring additional R&D to achieve this goal: -Use of larger portion of visible spectrum, particularly into the IR -Higher voltage operation -Electron transfer kinetics, especially for non-iodide electrolytes -Better use of module area (active vs. total module area) -Flexible/Plastic -Transparent

3GSolar R&D Program 17 Technical Issues -Our goal is to achieve 10% efficiency in a large (225cm 2 ) cell with 20 years stability -Areas requiring additional R&D to achieve this goal: -Use of larger portion of visible spectrum, particularly into the IR -Higher voltage operation -Electron transfer kinetics, especially for non-iodide electrolytes -Better use of module area (active vs. total module area) -Flexible/Plastic -Transparent

3GSolar R&D Program 18 Capturing More Light Now Incident Photon to Current Efficiency -How? -New dyes and dye combinations -Optical effects -Upconversion or downconversion

3GSolar R&D Program 19 Durability Under Sunlight Efficiency ratio for each individual cell in the two year experiment performed outdoors in Jerusalem. The efficiency ratio is the ratio of efficiency at the start of the experiment to efficiency at the end of the experiment.

15X15CM PLASTIC DEMO CELLS 3GSolar R&D Program 20 Flexible/Plastic Cells -Inexpensive -Glass large DSC cost component -Can be conformal to surface -Embedded power source for small devices, energy harvesting -We’ve achieved an efficiency of 7.8% under 1 sun

3GSolar Large Module Series-Connected Cells of 225cm 2

3GSolar DSC Markets 22 Building-Integrated Photovoltaics Curtain walls and windows Off-grid power PV for greenhouses Overhangs, awnings & parasols

Healthcare 3GSolar DSC Markets 23 Energy Harvesting/Embedded Devices Sensing 3GSolar Plastic Cell ConsumerWireless devices Eliminate batteries in low power consumer electronics Security cameras

Summary 24 -DSC is the 3 rd generation of photovoltaic technology -Poised to enter the market -DSCs have several advantages over conventional PV -Low Cost -Low-Light Operation -Potential for Transparency -3GSolar has fabricated the world’s largest single cell -Performance of glass and plastic cells at the State-of-the Art for large areas -Technical issues still remain -3GSolar has an active R&D program to solve these remaining issues

Acknowledgements 25 -3GSolar Coworkers -Barry Breen (CEO), Jonathan Goldstein (President), Katya Axelrod, Itzhak Barzilay, Nir Stein -Academic Partners -Prof. A. Zaban (BIU) -Prof. D Oron (WI) -Prof. D Cahen (WI) -Prof. D. Aurbach (BIU) -Prof. C. Sukenik (BIU) -Support from the Office of Chief Scientist (Eurostars, COBRA and NES)

THANK YOU 26