Enabling Global Open Access through Collaboration Leslie Chan International Studies New Media studies University of Toronto at Scarborough Opening Doors, Open Minds - The Open Access Movement Special Libraries Association Washington, DC Chapter April 6, 2006

Agenda Motivations for OA International Initiatives The Dual Road to OA –Institutional Repositories - Current Status –Open Access Journals - Bioline International as a case study Roles of Libraries in the Global OA Movement

Why Open Access?  Open Access is intended to improve research access, thereby maximizing research impact  Equalize the north-south flow of knowledge, thereby creating a truly global knowledge commons

The countries that move early to build a 21st century Research Communications System – harnessing the full power of “open access” – will be the leaders in building tomorrow’s knowledge economies and innovative societies Arthur J. Carty National Science Advisor to the Prime Minister, Canada International Association of Technological University Librarie, Quebec 31 May 2005 Opportunities ?

“African countries need to have in place appropriate mechanisms and infrastructure for training and exploitation of knowledge. This will enable them to make meaningful evidence-based policy, in order adequately to address local needs and participate in the international community on science and technology issues.” Network of the African Science Academies and the science academies from the G8 countries (2005) Challenges ?

Paradox of R&D and Scholarly Communications  Emphasis on generation of research - lack of attention to its dissemination, even less attention on preservation and stewardship  Publicly funded research results privately owned  Eagerness to translate university research into marketable products  Growing “enclosure” of the knowledge commons

 Open Access ?  Scholarly literature that are freely available online  Primarily peer-reviewed journal publications  Directed at publicly funded research  Free from price barrier  Free from permission barrier  Free to copy and reuse  Free to distribute  But who pays?

Government and other funding bodies Commercial Publishers Universities and Researchers $ Primary Content “Value-added” Content $ From a closed loop…

Government and other funding bodies Commercial Publishers Universities and Researchers $ Primary Content “Value-added” Content $$ $ Libraries

Government and other funding bodies Commercial Publishers Universities and Researchers $ Primary Content “Value-added” Content $$ $ Open Access Archives Open Access Journals Value-added service Libraries

Government and other funding bodies Commercial Publishers Universities and Researchers $ Primary Content “Value-added” Content $ $ Open Access Archives Open Access Journals Value-added service Libraries $ From a closed loop…to a open circle

 Other problems  Data, information, knowledge highly fragmented  High cost of research literature  Divergence of information systems  Lost of digital information  Indigenous knowledge systems poorly represented - “lost” science  Lost of research impact worldwide and Incomplete view of science and scholarship

Added benefits of OA  Increase citation impact and hence return on investment  Raise institutional prestige  New usage of research results  Promote collaboration and broaden participation  Enable new service and business models  Enhance public subsidies

International Initiatives Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002) Berlin Declaration on Open Access (2003) World Summit on the Information Society, Geneva (2003): Principles and Plan of Actions; Tunis Commitment, Tunisia (2005) OECD Ministerial Declaration on Access to Research Data (2004) IFLA Statement on Open Access (2004) Funding agencies moving towards open access policies – Wellcome Trust (UK) – RCUK (UK) – NIH (US) – SSHRC (Canada) –German Research Council Salvador Declaration on Open Access: the developing world perspective (Sept. 2005)

Most recent developments European Commission –Economic and Technical Evolution of the Scientific Publication Markets in Europe (April, 2006) Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR) –Committee to draft OA policy on publicly funded health research in Canada (April 2006)

Recent OA Meetings Open Access for Developing Countries, 9th International Congress on Medical Librarianship, September 2005, Salvador, Brazil – s/declaration.htmhttp:// s/declaration.htm International Conference on Strategies and Policies on Open Access to Scientific Information, Beijing, China (2005) Workshops on Open Access Repositories, MS Swamanathan Research Foundation, Chennai, India, 2003 OSI organized workshops in S. Africa (2003), Ukraine (2005), Lithuania (2005) Series of OAI meeting in Geneva and Berlin meetings

How to provide Open Access?

 Budapest Open Access Initiative BOAI  Recommends two complementary strategies to open access:  1. Publish in Open Access Journals  2. Publish in conventional journal and Self-Archive a copy of the published paper in one’s institutional archive  There are variations and hybrid approaches to the above

Implementing the dual open-access strategies: Gold and Green Open-Access Journals (OAJ) (BOAI-1) Open-Access Institutional Self- Archiving (OAA) (BOAI-2)

Implementing the dual open-access strategies: Gold and Green Open-Access Publishing (OAJ) (BOAI-1) 1.Create or Convert to open- access journals 2.Ensure contents are accessible 3.Persuade funding bodies to support open access journals 4.Encourage authors to submit to OA journals But worldwide, only ~18% (4000/22000) of peer-reviewed journals are Open Access. The remaining 72% are still toll access.

Implementing the dual open-access strategies: Gold and Green Open-Access Publishing (OAJ) (BOAI-1) 1.Create or Convert to open- access journals 2.Ensure contents are accessible 3.Persuade funding bodies to support open access journals 4.Encourage authors to submit to OA journals Open-Access Institutional Self- Archiving (OAA) (BOAI-2) 1.Scientific bodies, research and HE institutions to set up digital repositories and collect papers from their members. 2.Encourage researchers to deposit their paper as a matter of course

Open Access Literature Non-Open Access Literature

Open Access Literature Non-Open Access Literature

Open Access Literature Non-Open Access Literature

Open Access Literature Non- Open Access Literature

Open Access Literature Non-Open Access Literature

Open Access Literature Non-Open Access Literature

Open Access Literature Non-Open Access Literature

How many authors are self-archiving? LocationPre-printPost-print Personal web page16%26% Institutional (or departmental) archive 15%22% Centralised (subject- based) archive 9%13% Study on open access publishing funded by UK JISC (Joint Information Systems Committee) (Key Perspective Ltd. Feb 2004)

Top 10 countries with the most registered archives Data from the Registry of Open Access Repositories, March 30, 06

Warm and Hot Spots of Open Access

Brazil SciELO IBICT ( Brazilian Institute of Information on Science and Technology) Instituto Brasileiro de Informacao em Ciencia e Tecnologia

India IAS INSA IISc MedKnow Medler Centre

Part 2 Bioline International

Core Partners EPT, UK CRIA, Brazil UT, Canada

Funding Support University of Toronto Libraries Department of Social Sciences, U of T at Scarborough Open Society Institute. Information Access Program

What is Bioline International? Electronic aggregator of full text journals from developing countries OAI data provider Development project - using open source software and open standards Aims to influence scholarly communication practices and access to research literature Will open access improve the visibility and impact of journals from developing countries?

Journals from developing world Limited circulation Poor visibility and readership Limited recognition Fewer citations Fewer authors and subscriptions Circle of limited accessibility

Why Bioline International? Publications from developing countries are poorly represented in the “big deal” Making the “lost science” visible Bridging the South-North knowledge gap Better understanding of global science

Increased visibility Traditional directories and indexes ( e.g. EBSCO’s A-Z service, Ulrich’s Serials Directory) Directory of Open Access Journal (DOAJ), African Journal Online (AJOL), Virtual Health Library of Latin America and Caribbean (BRIME), ISI Web Content Accessibility from library catalogs through OpenURL Soon accessible through HINARI and AGORA OAI compliant search services (e.g. Oaister, Google, Scirus)

Journal of Postgraduate Medicine Quarterly journal Print circulation <400 –Limited to school Paid subscription <50 –Majority from India articles published / year

Making more accessible JPGM at Bioline

Archived at multiple places JPGM at OAI server

JPGM at PubMed

On click access

JPGM at DOAJ

Circle of Accessibility JPGMPubMed Directories e.g. DOAJ OAI servers Eprints, T-Space Bioline International Search Engines Library catalogues OAI services e.g. OAIster.org

Downloads and visitors Data: D.K. Sahu

Geographic distribution of visitors (n = 500)

Article submissions

International submissions

Projected Impact Factor

Economics of OA-P for India

Effect of OA on subscriptions

OA as a tool for dissemination Open access Increased visibility Larger readership Wider recognition Increased citations More authors and other benefits Circle of accessibility

Conclusions OA is increasing the visibility, accessibility and impact of some of the journals from developing countries Google is king? Need to develop value-added service with OA databases and Open Standards Alternative measure of research impact is emerging but OA is the foundation

Questions?