TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. This unit will discuss how the society, culture, and economy of the South and West changed after the Civil War. It will focus on life in the New South after the end of Reconstruction, how new settlers in the West affected American Indians, and how the West was transformed. The South and West After the Civil War Section 1: The New South Section 2: Westward Expansion and the American Indians Section 3: Transforming the West

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The South After Reconstruction

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Explain how the southern economy changed in the late 1800s. Analyze how southern farmers consolidated their political power. Describe the experience of African Americans in the changing South. Objectives

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People cash crop – crop such as cotton and tobacco that is grown not for its own use but to be sold for cash Farmers’ Alliance – network of farmers’ organizations that worked for political and economic reforms in the late 1800s Civil Rights Act of 1875 – law that banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. How did the southern economy and society change after the Civil War? In the postwar years, railroads crisscrossed the South and industries grew. Yet challenges remained—for the South’s economy and for its people.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In the years following the Civil War, southern leaders hoped to build a “New South.” They worked to modernize the economy by: supporting industries diversifying agriculture

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Textile factories and lumber mills sprang up. So did iron, coal, and steel processing plants. Workers outside ironworks in Alabama

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Railroad construction boomed. New rail lines connected urban hubs with rural areas, cities with towns. Railroads moved people and products. Cities grew.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Yet economic expansion in the South lagged behind the rest of the country. War damage was extensive. The South lacked a well-trained labor force, and wages were low. A lack of capital led to a dependence on northern bankers.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Life was especially difficult for southern farmers. Despite efforts to diversify, most farmers still depended on cash crops. The price of cotton, their main crop, plummeted after the war.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Boll weevils wiped out entire crops. For many farmers, it was a struggle just to survive. Along with falling prices, cotton farmers faced another disaster.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Worked to negotiate better prices on supplies, freight charges, and loan rates Connected farmers in the South and West Faced with serious problems, farmers joined together to form the Farmers’ Alliance.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Most importantly, they gained: the right to vote access to education Black southerners made important political and economic advances in the postwar years.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In time, however, many of the gains were reversed. Groups such as the Ku Klux Klan terrorized African Americans. Newfound freedoms were stripped away. Segregation was enforced.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation. The Supreme Court, however, ruled in a series of cases decided in 1883 that such decisions were local issues. Southern towns and cities used the ruling to further limit the rights of African Americans.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Native American Struggles

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Compare the ways Native Americans and white settlers viewed and used the land. Describe the conflicts between white settlers and Indians. Evaluate the impact of the Indian Wars. Objectives

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People reservation – specific area set aside by the federal government for the Indians’ use Sand Creek Massacre – 1864 incident in which a Colorado militia killed a camp of unarmed Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians Sitting Bull – Sioux chief respected as a fighter and spiritual leader Battle of the Little Big Horn – 1876 battle in which the Sioux defeated American troops led by Colonel George Custer

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People (continued) Chief Joseph – leader of the Nez Percés who surrendered after trying to lead a group of Indian refugees to Canada Wounded Knee – 1890 confrontation between U.S. cavalry and the Sioux that marked the end of Indian resistance in the Ghost Dance War assimilate – to adopt the culture and civilization of the dominant group in a society Dawes General Allotment Act – 1887 law that divided reservation land into private family plots

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. How did the pressures of westward expansion impact Native Americans? As American settlers continued to push westward, they increasingly came into conflict with Native Americans. Such conflict often led to violence, with tragic results.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. After the Civil War, about 250,000 Indians lived in the lands west of the Mississippi. Had different belief systems Spoke different languages Lived in different types of houses Ate different types of foods Native Americans came from many diverse cultures.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The diverse Indian peoples, however, shared a common view toward nature—a view that conflicted with that of many white Americans. Native Americans saw themselves as part of nature and viewed nature as sacred. Many white Americans viewed the land as a resource to produce wealth.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. During the 1800s, the government carried out a policy of moving Indians out of the way of white settlers. At first, Indians in the East were moved west, into the Plains. As frontier settlers continued pushing west, however, this plan changed. Indians were forced into reservations. No longer free to roam the Plains, they faced suppression and poverty.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Two other crises also threatened Native American civilizations. Disease Loss of the buffalo Settlers introduced diseases to which Indians had no immunity. Settlers slaughtered buffalo herds.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Some Native Americans fought to defend their lands. At the Sand Creek Massacre, a Colorado militia killed an unarmed camp of Indians who were under U.S. Army protection. But attacks and retaliation led to distrust - and to tragedy. Promises were made and peace treaties were signed, but they often were broken. Conflict with White Settlers

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Frustration turned to violence as the government moved to crush Indian resistance. The Red River War led to the defeat of the Southern Plains Indians. The Sioux were victorious at the Battle of the Little Big Horn. Chief Joseph and the Nez Percés surrendered after attempting to retreat to Canada.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Fearful of insurrection, government officials tried to ban the practice. The ritual preached that white settlers would be banished and the buffalo would return. As their way of life slipped away, some Indians turned to a religious revival based on the Ghost Dance. The Ghost Dance

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. However, he was killed in a confrontation with U.S. troops. More than 100 Indians who fled were killed at Wounded Knee. The Indian Wars were over. In an effort to end the Ghost Dance, the government attempted to arrest Sitting Bull.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Native Americans were forced to assimilate. Though they had been pushed onto reservations where their native cultures were banned, some reformers believed Native Americans needed to be sent to boarding schools to be “like all other Americans.” Before and after entering Carlisle Indian School

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Replaced the reservation system with an allotment system Granted each Indian family their own plot of land Specified the land could not be sold for 25 years In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes General Allotment Act to encourage assimilation.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Tens of thousands of Native Americans died in battle or on squalid reservations. Only a small number were left to carry on their legacy. Native Americans’ struggle to retain their homeland, freedom, and culture proved tragic. Results

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Westward Expansion After 1865

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Analyze the impact of mining and railroads on the settlement of the West. Explain how ranching affected western development. Discuss the ways various peoples lived in the West and their impact on the environment. Objectives

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People vigilante – self-appointed law enforcer transcontinental railroad – rail link between the eastern and western United States land grant – land designated by the federal government for building schools, roads, or railroads open-range system – system in which ranchers did not fence in their property, allowing cattle to roam and graze freely

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People (continued) Homestead Act – 1862 law in which the government offered farm plots of 160 acres to anyone willing to live on the land for five years, dig a well, and build a road Exodusters –African Americans who migrated from the South to the West after the Civil War

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. What economic and social factors changed the West after the Civil War? In the late 1800s, miners, rail workers, ranchers, and farmers moved to the frontier in hopes of building better lives. The industrial and agricultural booms they created helped transform the West.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The discovery of gold and silver created the first great boom in the West—mining. With each new find, prospectors rushed to the site, hoping to strike it rich. Others followed, bringing food and supplies. Mining camps quickly sprang up. Many camps grew into thriving communities.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In the early days, vigilantes took the law into their own hands. As towns grew, they hired marshals and sheriffs. Because they had no judges or jails, miners often set their own rules for administering justice. Some towns, however, disappeared as quickly as they appeared. Boomtowns turned to ghost towns when the gold and silver ran out.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. They could afford the heavy equipment needed to bring mineral ores out from deep underground. They were supported by the government, which provided them with inexpensive land. Large companies soon took over the mining business from individual prospectors.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The railroads soon began work to fulfill a longtime goal—to build a transcontinental railroad linking the East and the West. As industries grew in the West, so did the need for railroads to transport goods and people. The government supported this goal through loans and land grants.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1863, the Central Pacific headed eastward from Sacramento. The Union Pacific headed westward from Omaha. They finally met at Promontory, Utah, in 1869.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Tied the nation together Moved products and people Spurred industrial development Stimulated the growth of towns and cities Encouraged settlers to continue to move west Work on the railroad had been difficult and dangerous. But it brought tremendous changes to the country.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The railroad boom encouraged another western boom—the cattle boom. For years, Mexican ranchers had used an open-range system for raising livestock. Property was not fenced in. Cattle were branded, then grazed freely. Cowboys rounded up the cattle each spring.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Cowboys drove the cattle north to the rail lines, so they could be transported to market. The long, hard cattle drives could last for months. They ended at railroad towns, called cow towns.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Reasons the open- range system ended The invention of barbed wire made fencing cheap. The supply of beef exceeded demand, and prices dropped. Extreme weather led to the death of herds. By the mid-1880s, however, the cattle boom was coming to an end.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Like miners and ranchers, farmers also moved west, looking for a better life. Railroad companies encouraged pioneer settlement. So did the government. Under the 1862 Homestead Act, the government gave land to farmers willing to tend it. Easterners, Exodusters, and immigrants soon poured onto the Great Plains.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Life on the Plains was difficult and lonely. With little wood available, homesteaders made houses from sod. Storms, droughts, and locusts ruined crops.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. New inventions and farming methods, however, made life easier. Barbed wire Stronger plow Grain drill Windmill Dry-farming techniques

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. For many Americans, the West was a place to build new lives. But it also was a place of conflict. Cattle destroyed crops Sheep ruined grasses Mining runoff polluted water Control of resources disputed Economic rivalries Social conflicts Prejudice Discrimination Ethnic tensions

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The last land rush took place in 1889, when the government opened the Oklahoma Territory to homesteaders. “Boomers” lined up to stake claims. “Sooners” sneaked in early to take the best land. In 1890, the government declared that there was no land left for homesteading. The frontier closed.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Unit Summary Section 1: The New South Section 2: Westward Expansion and the American Indians After Reconstruction ended, the South remained mostly agricultural and poor despite some industrial successes. The region fell behind because it lacked capital investment and an educated labor force. Black southerners made gains and experienced white backlash. White settlers moved in great numbers to land west of the Mississippi after the Civil War, putting pressure on Native Americans living there. Rebellion by American Indians led to tragedy, as many lost their lives trying to preserve their land.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Unit Summary (continued) Section 3: Transforming the West The West changed greatly after the Civil War. Miners came first, followed by settlers and cattle ranchers. The transcontinental railroad linked East and West, and white settlement closed the frontier by 1900.