Aims: To be able to find the smallest & largest values along with the median, quartiles and IQR To be able to draw a box and whisker plot To be able to interpret such a diagram and look for skewness. Representing data Lesson 2

Quartiles When using the median to compare data it makes sense to consider what data values fall at other significant positions through the data. We often produce a 5 number summary of the data comprising of values at 0% (first); 25% ( 1 / 4 way through); 50% (Median); 75% ( 3 / 4 way through); 100% (Last) when the data is placed in size order (This can be found on your GDC) These 25% and 75% values are called the “Lower Quartile” and “Upper Quartile” respectively.

Calculating Quartiles If n is even…order the data 3, 7, 15, 19, 20, 22 split the data in half… 3,7,15 19, 20, 22 Identify the medians of each half Lower Quartile=7, Upper Quartile = 20 If n is not even the median of the data is not counted leaving two halves for which a median can be identified. 1,3,4,6,7,8,10,13,20 median of data is 7 1,3,4,6 8,10,13,20 then find medians of the halves lower quartile = 3.5 and upper quartile = 11.5

Interquartile Range To find the Interquartile Range you simply subtract the Lower Quartile from the Upper Quartile. So for the last two examples the IQR would be 20-7=13 then =8

For This Data Find The... Amount smoked on weekdays by 15 random male smokers 0, 8, 10, 15, 15, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 30, 30, 30, 30, 40 Median: Lower Quartile: Upper Quartile: IQR: Amount smoked on weekdays by 12 random female smokers 2, 2, 5, 5, 10, 12, 15, 15, 20, 20, 25, 30 Median: Lower Quartile: Upper Quartile: IQR:

A set of data can be summarised using 5 key statistics: Quartiles and box plots the median value (denoted Q 2 ) – this is the middle number once the data has been written in order. If there are n numbers in order, the median lies in position ½ ( n + 1). the lower quartile ( Q 1 ) – this value lies one quarter of the way through the ordered data; the upper quartile ( Q 3 ) – this lies three quarters of the way through the distribution. the smallest value and the largest value. In the exercise this is to as the five-referred number summaries

These five numbers can be shown on a simple diagram known as a box-and-whisker plot (or box plot): Smallest value Q1Q1 Q2Q2 Q3Q3 Largest value Note: The box width is the inter-quartile range. Inter-quartile range = Q 3 – Q 1 Quartiles and box plots The inter-quartile range is a measure of spread. The semi-inter-quartile range = ½ ( Q 3 – Q 1 ).

Example: The (ordered) ages of 15 brides marrying at a registry office one month in 1991 were: 18, 20, 20, 22, 23, 23, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, 34, 38, 44, 53 The median is the ½(15 + 1) = 8 th number. So, Q 2 =. The lower quartile is the median of the numbers below Q 2, So, Q 1 = 22 The upper quartile is the median of the numbers above Q 2, So, Q 3 = 34. The smallest and largest numbers are 18 and 53. Quartiles and box plots 26

The (ordered) ages of 12 brides marrying at the registry office in the same month in 2005 were: 21, 24, 25, 25, 27, 28, 31, 34, 37, 43, 47, 61 Q 2 is half-way between the 6 th and 7 th numbers: Q 2 = Q 1 is the median of the smallest 6 numbers: Q 1 = 25 Q 3 is the median of the highest 6 numbers: Q 3 = 40. The smallest and highest numbers are 21 and 61. Quartiles and box plots

We can use the box plots to compare the two distributions. The median values show that the brides in 1991 were generally younger than in The inter-quartile range was larger in 2005 meaning that that there was greater variation in the ages of brides in Note: When asked to compare data, always write your comparisons in the context of the question. Quartiles and box plots A box plot to compare the ages of brides in 1991 and 2005 It is important that the two box plots are drawn on the same scale.

Box plots are useful because they make comparing the location, spread and the shape of distributions easy. A distribution is roughly symmetrical if Q 2 – Q 1 ≈ Q 3 – Q 2 A distribution is positively skewed if Q 2 – Q 1 < Q 3 – Q 2 A distribution is negatively skewed if Q 2 – Q 1 > Q 3 – Q 2 Shapes of distributions

Order starting with smallest:

Card match Sets of 4 frequency, cumulative frequency, box plot, descriptions In table groups

Examination style question: A survey was carried out into the speed of traffic (in mph) on a main road at two times: 8 a.m. and 11 a.m. The speeds of 25 cars were recorded at each time and displayed in a stem-and-leaf diagram: a)Find the median and the inter-quartile range for the traffic speeds at both 8 a.m. and 11 a.m. A stem-and-leaf diagram to show vehicle speed on a main road Examination style question The L.Q. would be the median of the smallest 12 values. The U.Q. would be the median of the largest 12 values 8 a.m. 11 a.m. Q1Q1 Q3Q3 IQR

The box plots show that traffic speed is generally slower at 8 a.m. than at 11 a.m. The inter-quartile ranges show that there is greater variation in the traffic speed at 11 a.m. than at 8 a.m. Notice that the speeds at 8 a.m. have a negative skew, whilst the speeds at 11 a.m. are roughly symmetrically distributed. 8 a.m.11 a.m. Q Q Q IQR Examination style question A box plot comparing vehicle speed at 8 a.m. and 11 a.m. Do exercise 3A page 47, questions 1, 3, 7, 8 and 10. Do Miscellaneous exercise page 58, question 8. b)Draw box plots for the two sets of data and compare the speeds of the traffic at the two times.