{ United States History Standard 8 Review

Civil Rights and the Presidents TrumanEisenhowerKennedyJohnsonNixon Issues: Desegregate the Armed Forces Result: Southern Democrats break and form the Dixiecrats The Civil Rights Movement

Civil Rights and the Presidents TrumanEisenhowerKennedyJohnsonNixon Issues: Brown v. Board of Education, Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and Result: First Civil Rights Legislation since Reconstruction The Civil Rights Movement

Civil Rights and the Presidents TrumanEisenhowerKennedyJohnsonNixon Issues: Proposed Civil Rights Legislation Result: Southern Democrats blocked legislation in Congress The Civil Rights Movement

Civil Rights and the Presidents TrumanEisenhowerKennedyJohnsonNixon Issues: Proposed Civil Rights Legislation Result: Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Fair Housing Act of 1968 The Civil Rights Movement

Civil Rights and the Presidents TrumanEisenhowerKennedyJohnsonNixon Issues: Southern Strategy Result: Conservative Southerners leave the Democratic Party for the Republican Party The Civil Rights Movement

Martin Luther King Jr. Non-violent South Montgomery Bus boycott sit-ins Birmingham campaign March on Washington Freedom Summer Selma March Civil Rights Leaders

Malcolm X Stokely Carmicheal “By any means necessary” Militant-- Black Power North Media coverage of urban riots and the radical ideas undermined the movement. Civil Rights Leaders

Plessy v. FergusonBrown v. Board of Education Established “Separate but Equal”Overturned “Separate but Equal” Civil Rights and the Supreme Court

De jure segregationDe facto segregation Segregation by lawSegregation by fact (not till 1974)

The Civil Rights Movement also had an impact on the women’s rights movement with the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment. The landmark Supreme Court cases of Gideon v. Wainwright, and Miranda v. Arizona Gideon v. Wainwright, and Miranda v. Arizona further protected the rights of accused. Impact of the Civil Rights Movement

Lyndon Johnson “Great Society” Goals of the “Great Society” 1. Domestic Goals A. Medicare & Medicaid B. War on Poverty C. Civil Rights Act of 1964 D. Voting Rights Act of 1965 E. Fair Housing Act of 1968 F. Education Legislation 1) Head-start 2) National Endowment for the Arts and Humanities Domestic Policies were very successful over time. Johnson is still considered a failure due to VIETNAM

Richard Nixon “New Federalism” Goals of the “New Federalism” 1. Domestic Goals A. Limit the Executive Branches ability to enforce civil rights B. Southern Strategy- limit civil rights to attract Southern conservative voters. Turned the South into a Republican stronghold C. Environmental Efforts 1) Clean Air and Water Act 2) Endangered Species Act 3) First Earth Day 4) Environmental Protection Agency Domestic policies were successful, but Nixon is considered a failure due to WATERGATE

John F. KennedyLyndon JohnsonRichard Nixon Serve as advisors Gulf of Tonkin Resolution— escalated the war Johnson becomes unpopular and does not see re-election Vietnamization—turning the war over to the South Vietnamese and removing U.S. troops Vietnam

Major Events of Vietnam Era Mai Lai Massacre Nixon’s Bombing of Cambodia and Laos Pentagon Paper s Agent Orange Kent State War Powers Act Tet Offensive Impact of Television Credibility gap Vietnam

Daniel Ellsberg’s leak of the Pentagon Papers, a government study that revealed widespread deception about the situation in Vietnam. Nixon organized a special White House unit, nicknamed the Plumbers, to stop government leaks. Watergate

The PLUMBERS made plans to wiretap the Democratic National Headquarters at the Watergate complex. The PLUMBERS were arrested and tied to NIXON. This became known as the Watergate Scandal. Nixon resigned to avoid impeachment. Watergate

 During the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s the Supreme Court ruled in favor of school integration. The Supreme Court also ruled that busing was allowed to stop de facto segregation in Swain v. Mecklenburg.  The Supreme Court expanded women’s right to chose in Roe v. Wade in The Conservative Backlash of the 1980’s

 These events combined with the social overtones of the 60’s and 70’s, and increased media coverage caused a conservative movement during the 1980’s. Changes in the Supreme Court:  The Court becomes more Conservative due to the appointment of 6 judges by Presidents Reagan and Bush. President Reagan appointed the first female to the Supreme Court when he appointed Sandra Day O’Connor The Conservative backlash of the 1980’s

Reagan Reaganomics-- cut taxes, government spending, cut social programs Supply-side economics- stimulate the economy with surplus of goods Record Deficit Economic Polices/Important Events

G.H.W. Bush Huge Deficit 1990 recession Gulf War Debt Recession caused him to lose the election of 1992 Economic Polices/Important Events

Clinton Economic growth Cut government spending Fall of Communism Creation of NAFTA Creation of European Union Impeachment Economic Polices/Important Events

G.W. Bush Election of 2000 War on Terror Gap between rich and poor increases Collapse of the housing market Bank failures Bank bailout Economic Polices/Important Events

Obama Bank bailout Healthcare initiative Troop withdrawal Economic Polices/Important Events

Change in Job Structure Mechanization, globalization, and increased immigration caused a loss of manufacturing jobs in the U.S. Mechanization—machines replaced people – LOSS OF JOBS Globalization—companies started producing goods in other countries – LOSS OF JOBS Immigration—immigrants take low paying jobs –LOSS OF JOBS Loss of manufacturing jobs has led to growth in service industries 80% of Americans work in service industries

 Camp David Accords—President Carter negotiated a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt.  Iran Hostage Situation: Islamic fundamentalist over throw the democratic government of Iran and take 52 Americans Hostage. They are held for 444 days. Carter

Negotiated the release of the American Hostages. They were freed one day after he took office Reagan

 First Persian Gulf War- caused by Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait—U.S. wins easily. caused by Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait—U.S. wins easily.  U.S. presence in the Middle East angers many Islamic Fanatics. Fanatical groups like Al Qaeda begin to grow. George H.W. Bush

 Cold War eases with the reunification of Germany  Berlin Wall is torn down George H.W. Bush

 Attempted to broker peace between Israel and the Palestinians living in Israel. It failed  Rise in Global Terrorism-- 1 st World Trade Center Bombing 1 st World Trade Center Bombing Attack on American Embassies in Africa Attack on American Embassies in Africa Bill Clinton

 End of the Cold War. The Soviet Union collapses  U.S. humanitarian efforts in Somalia are stopped after the “Black Hawk Down” incident  U.S. and NATO involvement in the Balkan Conflict Bill Clinton

 Continued Rise in Global Terrorism— Attack on the U.S.S. Cole Attack on the U.S.S. Cole 9/11 Terrorist attacks on the 9/11 Terrorist attacks on the United States. United States.  U.S. responds to the attacks by attacking Al Qaeda at their base in Afghanistan. George W. Bush

 The U.S. expands the war in Afghanistan to include the Taliban leadership of Afghanistan because they provided safety for Al Qaeda  The U.S. finds evidence that Saddam Hussein and Iraq have provided aid to Al Qaeda and the Second Persian Gulf War begins when U.S. Troops attack Iraq. George W. Bush

 Ordered the Execution of Al Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden  Won the Election of 2008 by promising to withdraw the U.S troops in Afghanistan and Iraq. This process is still ongoing. Barack Obama