Personality - describing, causing A person’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, acting - Q1

Aristotle Hedonist - seeks happiness Acquisitive - seeks assets, wealth Ethical - seeks moral virtue Logical - thinks, investigates

Galen Yellow bile Choleric Black bile Melancholic Phlegm Phlegmatic Blood Sanguine

Freud - Q Medical doctor Looked for ways to treat ailments with no apparent physical causes Used hypnosis, then psychoanalysis Interpretation of Dreams Sex and aggression

Freud - Q3 The unconscious - a part of the mind that is inaccessible, filled with strong emotions that we repress - but these emotions may be expressed in disguised form - iceberg metaphor The conscious mind - relatively smaller part of the mind that is easily accessible The preconscious mind – memory, etc

Personality structure - Q4, Q5 Id - unconscious repository of basic human instincts - sex and aggression Pleasure principle Superego - our conscience - tells us how we should behave ideally Ego - the reality manager - mediates struggles between the id and superego in order to allow us to live in real world - reality principle

Personality development Oral Anal Phallic - oedipal complex, castration complex, identification, Electra complex, penis envy Latent Genital fixation

Defense mechanisms - Q7 Enables us to control basic instincts and express them in socially acceptable ways Repression Regression Reaction formation - makes unacceptable impulses look like their opposite Projection - attributes impulses to others

Defense mechanisms Rationalization – gives us a plausible reason for doing something Displacement – replacing the object of aggression etc Sublimation – transforming negative energy into art

Accessing the unconscious - Q8 Free association in psychoanalysis, introspection, insight Projective tests - TAT, Rorschach, Draw a Person, etc Dream analysis Hypnosis

Personality Tests - Q9 Projective - How reliable and valid are they? Inventories - MMPI, MBTI, traits

After Freud Carl Jung - intro/extraversion, collective unconscious, science/culture balance Alfred Adler - inferiority complex, multiple causes, fear or exaggerated sense of self Karen Horney - disagreed with Freud about genital stage and about women Anna Freud - focused on children, development Harry Stack Sullivan - interpersonal relationships key to development or illness

Freud today Unconscious mind Development in stages - used in intellectual, social, moral development theory Defense mechanisms Talk therapy Psychoanalysis - psychodynamics

Personality Humanists, behaviorists, social/cultural, cognitive theory, traits

Maslow’s hierarchy - Q10 Biological Safety Social Ego SA

Carl Rogers - Q11 Ideal personality –Open to experience –Trust feelings –Live in the moment Ideal environment - attributes of the therapist –Unconditional positive regard –Genuineness –Empathy

Self Self-ideal - ideal vs actual (all your ideas, values, perceptions, what I am, what I do) Possible selves - motivation Self-esteem Q12 Self-efficacy - Albert Bandura Q13 Self-serving bias The spotlight effect

Congruence Evaluate experiences in terms of self- concept - large gap results in anxiety and defense Gap between ideal and real -> large gap = sad, small gap = happy

Society and personality Q14 Personality in collectivist cultures Personality in individualistic cultures

Temperament – Q15 Ranges from calm to excitable Apparent within hours of birth Very stable over a lifetime Genetic?

Traits Gordon Allport counted 18,000 words to describe people - beginning the trait perspective in personality research Hans Eysenck developed a system of assessing personality on two scales, extroversion and stability Raymond Cattell developed a list of 16 traits

The Big Five – Q16 OC E A N – outofservice.com Openness to new experience Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism (nervousness)

Big 5 Stable? –Generally stable, less intense as we age –C increase in 20’s –A increases in 30’s Heritable? Cross-cultural? Predictors?

Take another test Q17 humanmetrics.com Jung/Myers-Briggs typology test - MBTI Extraversion / Introversion - external / internal energy Sensing / iNtuitive - source of information Thinking / Feeling - processing info - logic / feeling Judging / Perceiving - using info - planning / improvising

Q18 - Stable across situations? According to Walter Mischel, cognitive traits are stable in most situations, emotional traits less so Person / situation problem - hard to predict behavior in a given situation - on average, stable

Social learning/cognitive perspective Albert Bandura - modeling Q19 Locus of control Attributional style –Situations vs real self –Q20 Fundamental attribution error Q21 Learned helplessness - Martin Seligman

Q22 Behaviorism and personality Behavior is personality You are what you do

Can you change your personality? No Temperament is very stable; most traits are generally stable Research has demonstrated there is a genetic component to personality

Can you change your personality? Yes - a characteristic pattern of feeling, thinking, acting Certain types of therapy help you to change how you think about things, especially effective with phobias Habits are just habits

Q23 Methods of studying personality Projective tests Surveys Case studies Correlations MMPI, NEO-PI

Q24 Names to know Alfred Adler, Bandura, Paul Costa and Robert McCrae, Freud, Jung, Maslow, Rogers