RURAL LAND RESOURCES – LITHOSPHERE For Paper II you must be able to: Refer to a case-study area on the coast and : 1. Explain, with diagrams, how features in this area have been formed 2. The economic and social opportunities for development created by the physical environment 3. The effect of visitors on the local populace 4. Restrictions that have been placed on development 5. Environmental conflict in the area and efforts to resolve these problems Our case study area will be the Dorset Coastline. Also been given World Heritage Site status.

RURAL LAND RESOURCES – LITHOSPHERE Refer to a case-study area on the coast and : 1. Explain, with diagrams, how features in this area have been formed Durdle Door – Sea Arch Old Harry’s Rocks – Stack / Stump Lulworth Cove – Cove Chesil Beach – Spit (Tombolo / Bar)

RURAL LAND RESOURCES – LITHOSPHERE WHAT ARE THE DEMANDS ON THE COASTLINE? 1. Who wants to use it? a) a) Settlementd) Tourism b) b) Construction industrye) Heavy industry c) c) Natural habitatf) Scientists 2. Do the aims of these groups conflict with one another? 3. Where do possible conflicts arise and who is responsible for managing any problems which arise? Recently the Ministry for Agriculture, Farming and Fisheries (MAFF) encouraged coastal groups to be set up. Involved all local interest groups looking at a range of issues – from coastal defence  environmental damage

THE DORSET COASTLINE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES Breathtaking Scenery – natural features (140km of coastline) Energy – Potential to generate wind and wave energy Fine sandy beaches – sheltered bays Conservation Tourism: Become the most important industry Supports 25,000 people in the area Money flows into the local area – shops, restaurants, bars, tourist attractions Recreation: International Sailing Venue Will host the 2012 Olympic sailing events Best natural sailing waters in the UK Natural Harbour: E.g. Poole Harbour – largest natural harbour in the UK Deep, sheltered inlet Important for rare species of birds Magnet for tourism and recreation – sheltered / beauty

THE DORSET COASTLINE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES Remember you may be asked about the economic and social limitations for development in your area Try to think of this on a land user by land user basis: Residents? Tourists? Heavy Industry?

THE DORSET COASTLINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT You will be asked for examples of environmental conflict which have occurred in a named coastal area Development in Poole Harbour Development in Poole Harbour PROBLEMSOLUTIONS 4,000 boats in the harbour at peak Commercial port and oil drilling Passenger ferries between islands Zoning of water users Quiet areas have been encouraged Range of water sports competing against a number of quieter leisure pursuits (bird-watching) Encourage pleasure boats to go out to sea and not remain in harbour Harbour is increasingly popular – large number of visitors. - Pollution, congestion, litter, erosion of footpaths etc. - Pollution, congestion, litter, erosion of footpaths etc. Encourage visitors to come at quiter times of year – promotions Involve all groups in a management plan

THE DORSET COASTLINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT 2.Lulworth Cove PROBLEMSOLUTIONS Most visitors come in the short summer season Locals complain of noise, litter etc Promote year round tourism Environmental protection information included in exhibitions 90% of visitors come by car or coach – inconsiderate parking Large car park built and managed by the Lulworth Estate Profits used to subsidise public transport links Mini-roundabout to ease congestion Shops increase prices Second home ownership pushes house prices up Provide more local authority housing / subsidised housing for locals Visitors disturb environmentally sensitive areas Restrict access to certain areas More attractions – spread people

THE DORSET COASTLINE GENERIC SOLUTION: MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION Management Plan has been created to: Coordinate efforts between different interest groups Monitor the impact of visitors on the local area Detail proposals for: Conservation (Science and Conservation Advisory Group) Access Education (Gateways Towns Group + Education Working Group) Science Aim is to create sustainable development in the area – i.e. development which does not damage the environment. Difficulty is trying to encourage visitors whilst taking measures to limit damaging effects.

THE DORSET COASTLINE ADVANTAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Employment opportunities More money put into local economy Improvements in local infrastructure Roads and railways improved New libraries, leisure services

THE DORSET COASTLINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT GENERIC PROBLEMS Traffic congestion on narrow country roads Erosion of coastal paths by increased number of visitors Increase in the price of holiday homes Seasonal employment Pollution Increased domestic refuse and sewage Disruption of environmentally sensitive areas

THE DORSET COASTLINE COASTAL DEFENCE The problems of coastal erosion Efforts to protect the coastline BBC Clip BBC Scotland – Learning Zone These measures are necessary in a number of areas across the UK – E.g. Wales and Norfolk: Coastal Protection in the UKCoastal Protection in the UK

THE DORSET COASTLINE COASTAL DEFENCE – WHY? Importance of beaches: E.g. Weymouth and Bournemouth rely on Tourism. Also many settlements are located at the coast. You should be aware of a range of measures taken to protect the Dorset coast. Broadly these split into two groups: Soft Defences Hard Defences

THE DORSET COASTLINE What is the difference between hard and soft defences? HARD DEFENCE Involve major engineering works: 1. Sea WallsSea Walls 2. GroynesGroynes 3. Breakwater

SEA DEFENCE GROYNES - BOURNEMOUTH

THE DORSET COASTLINE What is the difference between hard and soft defences? SOFT DEFENCE Involves minimal human interference, natural processes of beach renewal are promoted: 1. Beach NourishmentBeach Nourishment 2. Planting vegetation on sand dunes

THE DORSET COASTLINE Preston Beach Road, Weymouth The Problem: Longshore Drift removing shingle – often led to flooding / closure of A353 Want to reduce wave energy reaching foreshore Need to give protection without having a negative effect on other parts of the coastline Solution: Beach nourishment Adding sand and shingle – needs replaced on a regular basis Acts as a barrier to storm waves Cost = £6.5m

REVISION CARDS TASK One revision technique is to use filing cards to collate notes on. Use the cards you have been given to create notes on the Dorset coastline At the top of the card put the name of the unit – Environmental Interactions: Rural Land Resources (It can be a good idea to colour code your cards by topic, or number them etc.). Underneath write the case study area Take a separate card and write brief notes on each of the following – remember to include place names and statistics where possible: a. Economic and Social Opportunities afforded by the landscape b. Economic and Social Limitations

PAPER II – PAST PAPER QUESTION PAPER II QUESTIONS ARE WORTH 50 MARKS (If you are looking at questions before 2008 double the marks!) THEY WILL BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SECTIONS RURAL LAND RESOURCES – TYPICAL QUESTION Question about features in an area you have studied (20) (You must give named examples of physical features) Question about National Parks or EU/UK Rural Policies (10) Question(s) about (20): a. Economic and Social Opportunities / Limitations b. Impact of Development / Land Use Conflicts c. Solutions and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Solutions

PAPER II – PAST PAPER QUESTION PAPER II 2007 Rural Land Resources – Always Question 1 Section 1 – You must answer ONE question from this section This instruction will not be there this year You must choose the Rural Land Resources question! You have approximately 37 minutes to answer the whole question Less than a minute per mark!

PAPER II – PAST PAPER QUESTION PART 1 Describe and suggest reasons for the location of Britain’s National Parks (10 marks) THINK: Describe where they are Explain why they are found here

PAPER II – PAST PAPER QUESTION PART 1 Describe and suggest reasons for the location of Britain’s National Parks (10 marks) Assess out of 5 allowing up to 3 marks for descriptive points which could include references to there only being two National Parks in Scotland yet a high concentration in northern England (4) and in Wales (3). Candidates could also note the absence of N.P’s in central and south-eastern England. Explanations for their location ought to focus on such points as the scenic diversity and differing attractions of the various National Parks as well as on accessibility and proximity to urban (catchment) areas.

PAPER II – PAST PAPER QUESTION PART 2 Describe some of the benefits which tourists has brought THINK: You must include case study information Numbers, values, place names Can be worth as much as two marks May get marked out of 50% if you do not include

PAPER II – PAST PAPER QUESTION PART 2 Describe some of the benefits which tourists has brought Benefits brought by an influx of tourists might include: new job opportunities for local people increased business for shops, hotels and restaurants more wealth generated in the local economy – “multiplier effect” increased property prices improved services (eg sports and leisure facilities) and transport links (eg up-graded roads, more frequent bus services) less need for young people to leave the area increased expenditure on conserving the amenities of the area

PAPER II – PAST PAPER QUESTION PART 2 For an area you have studied suggest and evaluate ways in which the negative effects of tourism can be tackled (20 marks) THINK: 20 marks over two questions – probably aiming for ten in each You must give solutions You must say how effective these have been If you do not do both of these things you will be marked out of half the available marks – NO MATTER HOW GOOD YOUR ANSWER IS You must include: real solutions, values, place names, names of agencies etc.

PAPER II – PAST PAPER QUESTION PART 2 Suggest and evaluate ways in which the negative effects of tourism can be tackled (20 marks for both sections of part two) MARKING INSTRUCTIONS: Assess out of 10 awarding up to 6 marks for either part. Answers which fail to offer any evaluation of solutions attempted should score a maximum of 9. Award up to 1 mark for authentic named examples, eg The Goyt Valley Traffic Management Scheme in the Peak District or the ‘Fix the Fells’ initiative in the Lake District (a £5million, 7 year project to fully repair 145 identified footpaths).

PAPER II – PAST PAPER QUESTION PART 2 Suggest and evaluate ways in which the negative effects of tourism can be tackled (20 marks for both sections of part two) Tackling the negative effects of tourism could include mention of: attempted solutions to traffic and congestion problems such as the provision of more parking facilities; promoting park and ride schemes; improving and encouraging the use of public transport; building by-passes or ring roads the role of visitor education through information centres, leaflets, improved signposting, promoting alternative attractions to reduce pressure on existing honeypots ways of restoring or preserving footpaths – eg cutting steps into the limestone at Malham Cove to safe guard paths, laying “terram”, fencing off vulnerable areas to restrict access.