Sistēmu analīze un zināšanu iegūšana

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Presentation transcript:

Sistēmu analīze un zināšanu iegūšana 1.lekcija Pamatjēdzieni sistēmu analīzē un zināšanu iegūšanā

Meža 1/4-548 Ļubova Šumilova Mārīte Kirikova Meža 1/4-548 Ļubova Šumilova

Literatūra Kendall K.E. and Kendall J.E. Systems Analysis and Design, Prentice Hall, Inc., 2002, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1988. Mārīte Kirikova (1995. g. izdevums, 2 eks.) RTU biblioteka (1988. g. izdevums) LU biblioteka (2002, 1988. g. izdevums) Priekšmeta mājas lapa: www.cs.rtu.lv - struktūrvienības – LDI – STPK – Informācija studentiem – mācību priekšmetu materiāli - Sistēmu analīze un zināšanu iegūšana – SAZI mājas lapa Hypercase http://www.prenhall.com/kendall/

Systems Analysis and Design, 6/E                 View Larger Image Kenneth E. Kendall Julie E. Kendall ISBN: 0-13-145455-2 Publisher: Prentice Hall Copyright: 2005 Format: Cloth; 752 pp Published: 03/01/2004

                View Larger Image Kenneth E. Kendall, Rutgers University Julie E. Kendall ISBN: 0-13-041571-5 Publisher: Prentice Hall Copyright: 2002 Format: Cloth; 944 pp Published: 06/08/2001

Julie Kenneth

Eksāmena jautājumi Atrodami SAZI mājas lapas nodaļu shēmā + 2005. gada jaunie jautājumi:

Kursa satura shēma

Eksāmena atzīmes iegūšana Punkti eksāmenā – max – 60 (6 jautājumi) 2. Punkti par praktiskajiem darbiem – max 4 par darbu - tiek pieskaitīti tikai, ja eksāmenā iegūti vismaz 30 punkti 3. Punkti par īsajām atbildēm – max 1 punkts par atbildi !!! Visas atbildes eksāmenā sniedzamas diagrammu vai tabulu formā !!! Eksāmenā tikai integrētie jautājumi

Sistēmu analīzes un projektēšanas jēdziens Sistēmu analīze - sistēmas būtības, nozīmes, mērķu, funkciju, struktūras, darbības principu un attīstības tendenču noskaidrošana Sistēmu projektēšana - noteiktām prasībām atbilstošas sistēmas projekta izstrādāšana

Sistēmu analīzes un zināšanu iegūšanas jēdzieni Sistēmu analīze - sistēmas būtības, nozīmes, mērķu, funkciju, struktūras, darbības principu un attīstības tendenču noskaidrošana Zināšanu iegūšana - metodes un līdzekļi zināšanu pārņemšanai vai ģenerēšanai nolūkā saprast un/vai imitēt pētāmo objektu darbību

“Sistēmu analīzes un zināšanu iegūšanas” saites ar citiem mācību priekšmetiem Profesionālās maģistra studijas Akadēmiskās Maģistra studijas Mākslīgais intelekts Jānis Grundspeņķis Vides GRADE lietošana sistēmu analīzē Mārīte Kirikova Prasību inženierija Objektorientētā sistēmanalīze Mārīte Kirikova Jānis Osis Informācijas sistēmu metodoloģijas Mārīte Kirikova Zināšanu pārvaldība Sistēmu un procesu teorija Mārīte Kirikova Jānis Grundspeņķis Ekspertu sistēmas biznesā Jānis Grundspeņķis Mākslīgā intelekta pamati Sistēmu analīzes rīki Informācijas sistēmu projektēšanas Jānis Grundspeņķis Mārīte Kirikova tehnoloģijas pamati Jānis Eiduks Sistēmu analīze un zināšanu iegūšana Projektu izstrādāšanas tehnika Mārīte Kirikova Mārīte Kirikova Mazās grupas un Sistēmu teorijas metodes personības socioloģija Bakalauru studijas Jānis Grundspeņķis Cilvēka-datora saskarne un komunikācijas Socioloģisko pētījumu metodes Leonīds Novickis

Sistēmu analīze - sistēmas darbības un iespējamo izmaiņu izpēte Kāpēc SA nepieciešama? Veidojot sarežģītu informācijas sistēmu, jārūpējas, lai katrs organizācijas darbinieks saņemtu tieši to informāciju, kas viņam vajadzīga. Tā kā lietotāju uzdevumi ir savstarpēji saistīti, tad tie labi jāsaprot, lai nodrošinātu atbilstošās informācijas apstrādes procedūras un programmas. Sistēmu analīze - sistēmas darbības un iespējamo izmaiņu izpēte I.T.Hawryszkiewycz Kā sistēma darbojas? Kādas problēmas ir sistēmā? Kādas ir lietotāju prasības? Kādas izmaiņas ir iespējamas? Kādas problēmas prognozējamas sistēmas izmaiņu procesā?

5 svarīgākie aspekti sitēmu analīzē (West Churchman) Sistēmas MĒRĶI un uzdevumi VIDE, kurā sistēma darbojas, kādas iespējas tā paver un kādus uzliek ierobežojumus Sistēmas RESURSI, t.i. viss, ko sistēma var lietot, lai izpildītu mērķi Sistēmas DAĻAS, to aktivitātes, mērķi un funkcionālā nozīme; kā katra sistēmas daļa ietekmē sistēmas kopējo funkcionalitāti KOORDINĀCIJA un VADĪBA sistēmā, kā tās tiek realizētas

The information system as a part of work system (from “Models, Concepts, Information” DSV, Stockholm, 1993) WORK SYSTEM How work is performed by people and technology People, who enter, process and use information PEOPLE WORK PRACTICES INFORMATION SYSTEM INFORMATION INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Hardware and software that process information Formated data, text, images and sounds

FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITIES Spectrum of systems (source of classification - D. Flynn) MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITIES EXECUTIVE INFORMATION SYSTEMS Real time systems DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS Database systems

History of the use of IT in organisations Strategic information systems 1980 Organisation environment constraints User relations constraints Management information systems 1970 Software constraints Information processing 1960 Hardware constraints Ruohonen, M., IRIS 17, 1994, P 157, 158

The changing roles of people in data processing (Avison, 1989, p 11) User Programmer Computer System analyst User Programmer Operator Computer User Businessanalyst Technical analyst Programmer Operator Computer

(Kendall K.E. and Kendall J.E. Systems Analysis and Design) Sistēmas dzīves cikls (Kendall K.E. and Kendall J.E. Systems Analysis and Design) 1. Problēmu, iespēju un mērķu noteikšana 2. Prasību pret informāciju noteikšana 3. Sistēmas vajadzību analīze 7. Sistēmas izmantošana un novētrtēšana 4. Rekomendētās sistēmas projektēšana 6. Sistēmas testēšana un uzturēšana 5. Programmatūras izstrādāšana un dokumentēšana

Sistēmanalītiķa lomas konsultants eksperts izmaiņu aģents veicinātājs ārsts skolotājs Zināšanu inženiera krēsli zināšanu inženieris sistēmas projektētātjs vecākais inženieris datoru zinātnieks kognitīvpsihologs sistēmas inženieris Programmētājs Zināšanu pārvaldnieks McGraw K.L. and Harbison-Briggs K., 1989. Sistēmanalītiķa krēsli sistēmanalītiķis analītiķis-programmētājs konsultants grupas vadītājs biznesa analītiķis informācijas plānošanas vadītājs Flunn, Warhust, 1994.

Sistēmanalītiķa vieta sistēmas izstrādāšanas procesā Vadība Sponsori Lietotāji Sistēmanalītiķi Projektētāji Programmētāji

Par sistēmanalītiķa profesiju http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos042.htm Computer Systems Analysts, Database Administrators, and Computer Scientists Education requirements range from a 2-year degree to a graduate degree. Employment is expected to increase much faster than the average as organizations continue to adopt increasingly sophisticated technologies. Job prospects are favorable. Skatīt arī www.cs.rtu.lv/stp

Computer Systems Analysts http://www.calmis.cahwnet.gov/file/occguide/COMPUSYS.HTM Computer Systems Analysts The following information is from the California Projections of Employment published by the Labor Market Information Division. Estimated number of workers in 1990 53,110 Estimated number of workers in 2005 76,720 Projected Growth 1990 to 2005 45% Estimated openings due to separations by 2005 8,330 WORKING CONDITIONS Systems Analysts usually work about 40 hours a week, the same as other professional and office workers. Unlike many computer operators and programmers, Systems Analysts are not assigned to evening or night shifts. Occasionally, however, evening or weekend work may be necessary to complete emergency projects.

http://www. systemsanalyst. com/jobseeker/sSetup http://www.systemsanalyst.com/jobseeker/sSetup.asp - sistēmanalītiķa darba meklētājs Depending on the size and nature of the organisation, some or all of the following may be undertaken: translating client requirements into highly specified project briefs; identifying options for potential solutions and assessing them for both technical and business suitability; creating logical and innovative solutions to complex problems; drawing up specific proposals for modified or replacement systems; presenting proposals to clients; working closely with programmers and a variety of end users to ensure technical compatibility and user satisfaction; ensuring that budgets are adhered to and deadlines met; drawing up a testing schedule for the complete system; overseeing the implementation of the new system; planning and working flexibly to a deadline; providing training to users of the new system; keeping up to date with technical as well as industry sector developments. Systems analysts are active in the design, testing and implementation phases of the project. They often work in a team, with significant liaison with external or internal clients http://www.prospects.ac.uk/

Personal Requirements: able to conceptualise and think creatively http://jobguide.thegoodguides.com.au/text/jobdetails.cfm?jobid=294 Personal Requirements: able to conceptualise and think creatively good interpersonal and communication skills persuasive, patient manner team leadership capabilities

2. MORE SPECIFIC PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES. http://www.acm.org/constitution/code.html#sect1 2. MORE SPECIFIC PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES. As an ACM computing professional I will .... 2.1 Strive to achieve the highest quality, effectiveness and dignity in both the process and products of professional work. 2.2 Acquire and maintain professional competence. 2.3 Know and respect existing laws pertaining to professional work. 2.4 Accept and provide appropriate professional review. 2.5 Give comprehensive and thorough evaluations of computer systems and their impacts, including analysis of possible risks. 2.6 Honor contracts, agreements, and assigned responsibilities. 2.7 Improve public understanding of computing and its consequences. 2.8 Access computing and communication resources only when authorized to do so.

http://jobfutures.ca/noc/2162.shtml Computer Systems Analysts (NOC 2162) - At a Glance Computer Systems Analysts (NOC 2162) - At a Glance                                                   

http://systems.analyst.jobs.topusajobs.com/ USA There are currently 4064 systems analyst jobs available September 6, 2004

Kļūdu labošanas relatīvās izmaksas Software Requirements, Alan M Kļūdu labošanas relatīvās izmaksas Software Requirements, Alan M. Davis, 1990.

Grūtības sistēmu analīzē ārējās vides izmaiņas organizācijas iekšējās izmaiņas personāls budžets konkurējoši sistēmas kvalitātes kritēriji uzņēmuma konkurētspēja darbinieku ērtības ekonomiskums ... cilvēka nepilnīgums vadība gala lietotāji

MAIN ERRORS IN SYSTEM ANALYST’S THINKING there always exists “out there” a finite, concrete set of user information requirements these requirements are reasonable stable over time with application and persistence the analyst can identify a complete, correct set of information requirements the prime method for “finding” these requirements is face-to-face interview, or by analyst assuming that he/she “knows” what the user wants the intervention of analyst in an organisational problem situation does not impact upon the nature of that problem context the individual user can be relied upon to provide honest, accurate answers, in the main, to the analysts questions McKay, Maarchall, McDermid, IRIS’17, 1994, p. 308

RĪKI SISTĒMU ANALĪZĒ http://mediaproducts.gartner.com/reprints/idsscheer/119964.html

GRADE Datu struktūras diagramma RĪKI SISTĒMU ANALĪZĒ GRADE Datu struktūras diagramma

GRADE komunikācijas diagramma

GRADE Organizācijas diagramma

GRADE biznesa procesa diagramma

GRADE Ekrāna forma

GRADE Datu vārdnīca