19.2: American Power Tips the Balance OBEJCTIVE: Understand the US’s contribution to Allied victory

Franz Ferdinand Assassinated April, 6, 1917 US declares war on Germany

The election of 1916 was a (landslide, close-shave, terrible loss) for Wilson. One of the reasons that the US finally went to war with Germany was the ______________ ______, that encouraged Mexico to wage war the US. Germany’s decision in January 1917 to wage unlimited submarine warfare violated the ____________ pledge. WWI was triggered by the assassination of _____________. The Four causes of WWI were:

US Goes to War: CONTEXT Jan. 31, 1917: Germany declares unlimited submarine warfare – Sussex Pledge void. US arms merchant marine Mar. 1, 1917: Zimmerman note discovered April 6, 1917: US declares war Jan. 8, 1918: Wilson’s Fourteen Points Address WILSON’s IDEAL: “war to end war” and “to make the world safe for democracy,” makes an appeal for a new world order of collective security. It would have to be a “peace without victory…a peace among equals.”

SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT PROBLEM: Only 200,000 men in uniform SOLUTION: DRAFT OR CONSCRIPT HOW? Selective Service Act of 1917 3 million men drafted 2 million serve ¾ see combat ONLY 9 MONTHS OF TRAINING!!!

"Hell Fighters" From Harlem - the 369th Infantry Division http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/topics/afam/afam-usa.htm  Meuse-Argonne, September 26-October 1, 1918. ... On 29 September, the Regiment ". . . stormed powerful enemy positions, . . . took, after heavy fighting, the town of Sechault; captured prisoners and brought back six cannons and a great number of machine guns." Despite heavy casualties, the 369th, called "Hell Fighters" by the French and Germans, relentlessly continued the attack at dawn. Raked by enemy machine guns, they assaulted into the woods northeast of Sechault, flanking and overwhelming enemy machine gun positions. The "Le's Go!" elan and indomitable fighting spirit of the 369th Infantry was illustrated throughout the battle action. Their initiative, leadership and gallantry won for their entire Regiment the French Croix de Guerre.

AMERICA GETS TO THE FIGHT PROBLEM: How to get the troops to Europe SOLUTION: Expand shipbuilding Use the convoy system against subs Mine the North Sea OUTCOME: 1. Only 100 soldiers lost to u-boats 2. Convoys cut Allied losses in half!

http://go. hrw. com/ndNSAPI. nd/gohrw_rls1/pKeywordResults http://go.hrw.com/ndNSAPI.nd/gohrw_rls1/pKeywordResults?ST9%20WWI%20Convoy%20System

http://www.usmm.org/ww2.html

AMERICA GETS IN THE FIGHT Gen. John J. (Blackjack) Pershing in command of the AEF (American Expeditionary Force) “doughboys” Pershing resists using AEF as replacements Pershing wants to fight aggressive war Does not want to fight “trench warfare”

http://www. bbc. co. uk/history/war/wwone/launch_ani_western_front http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwone/launch_ani_western_front.shtml

Fighting…”Over there…” 1917 Russian Revolution w/d from fight in 1918 Germany focuses on EASTERN FRONT Spring 1918: Germans w/in 40 miles of Paris 30,000 US troops turn tide at Chateau-Thierry Pershing directs US forces in Meuse-Argonne offensive Argonne Forest: 120,000 KIA/casualties US “tactics” lead to high casualties

THE TIDE TURNS AEF arrives just in time to stop German advance on Paris (after defeating Russia) AEF CASUALTIES: 48,000 killed 62,000 die of disease 200,000 wounded

TRENCH WARFARE noviomagus.tripod.com http://www.diggerhistory.info/images/trenches/turks-trench-anzac.jpg

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/hq/wfront1_02.shtml

MACHINE GUN http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/machineguns.htm

THE TANK http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/hq/wfront2_02.shtml http://home.hccnet.nl/h.van.oerle/landshp/landshp2.htm

ARTILLERY http://www.worldwar1.com/heritage/bbertha.htm

14 inch US naval guns, mounted on railcar to silence “Big Bertha” http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/dav1/images1/pg217.jpg

GAS TYPES: Germans first use gas at Ypres in 1915 Allies retaliate Delivered by artillery TYPES: Chlorine Gas Mustard Gas http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/Heller/images/hellerp81.jpg

WAR IN THE AIR: Zeppelins & Biplanes http://www.pilotfriend.com/century-of-flight/Aviation%20history/airplane%20at%20war/images/17a.jpg

LEADERS AND HEREOS Alvin York Eddie Rickenbacker http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-468/p31.jpg US’s WWI Ace: shot down 26 planes York and 17 other men captured 132 German prisoners on October 8, 1918 “Red Baron” von Richthofen German Ace: Shot down 80 planes http://www.acepilots.com/wwi/fokker_dri.jpg

Company K Company K A U.S. soldier of Company K, 110th Infantry Regiment, receives aid during fighting at Verennes, France. (National Archives) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/hq/wfront1_02.shtml

"The Prisoners and the Wounded," October, 1918 by Harvey Dunn Harvey Dunn's 1918 painting (detail) of weary soldiers in the First World War captures the misery of frontline battle. (Smithsonian Institute, Division of Political History, Washington, D.C.) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

MEDICAL CARE Dirt, mud, filth Lice, rats, dirty water Poison gas Decaying bodies “shell shock” Trench foot Great Flu Pandemic of 1918 (20-40 million dead world-wide)

THE COLLAPSE OF GERMANY Nov. 3, 1918: German sailors mutiny Nov. 9. 1918: Berlin rebels The Kaiser flees to the Netherlands CEASEFIRE: 11th hour, 11th day, 11th month FINAL TOLL: 4 years of fighting, involving 30 nations 26 million dead ( half are civilians) 20 million wounded 10 million refugees COST= $350,000,000,000