1 Intellectual Property Rights, TRIPS Progress And International Technology Flows R. E. Evenson Yale University

2 Introduction Royalties are Paid 50 + on Automobile 50 + on Automobile 10 + on Personal Computer 10 + on Personal Computer Even in Countries Hostile to Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) Property Rights (IPRs) Why do Developing Countries Resist Strengthening of IPRs? Strengthening of IPRs?

3 IPRs A Taxonomy Conditions for Obtaining IPR IPRsScopePeriod of Protection NoveltyUsefulnessInventive Step Internatioal Convention Disclosure Requirement Research Exemption Reproducti on Rights Patent (original) Inventions: Chemical, electrical, mechanical years Yes (global) YesStrongParis, TRIPSEnablingNone (conceptual) Negotiable Patent (expanded) Inventions: Genes, plants and animals years Yes (global) YesStrongParis, TRIPSEnablingNone (germplasmic) Negotiable Utility Model Minor Inventions 5-15 years Yes (national) Weak NoneEnablingNone (conceptual) Negotiable

4 IPRs A Taxonomy Conditions for Obtaining IPR IPRsScopePeriod of Protection NoveltyUsefulnessInventive Step Internatioal Convention Disclosure Requirement Research Exemption Reproduction Rights Industrial Design DesignsPermanentYesNone (conceptual) None Breeders’ Rights Plant Varieties5-16 yearsYes Weaker Non e UPOV, TRIPS None DepositAllowed Limited (Farmers’ Rights) Appelation of Origin Food ProductsPermanentRegionalNone LisonLocation of Protectio n AllowedNone Folkloric Rights Indigenous Products PermanentYesNone FAO/UNESCO AllowedNegotiable Farmers’ Rights (CBD) Genetic Resources PermanentYesNone CBD Undertaking Location of Genetic Resource None (use of rights) (Use rights) CopyrightsWritten WorksLife + 50 Years YesNone Berne, TRIPSNoneAllowedNone (limited) TrademarksBrand NamesPermanentYesNone TRIPSNoneAllowedNone Trade SecrecyTrade SecretsPermanentNone

5 Basic Economics of the Patent Rights

6 The Invention Cycle The Invention Cycle

7 Green Revolution Clusters LT 2% Afghanistan Angola Burundi Central African Republic Congo (B) Gambia Guinea Bissau Mauritania Mongolia Niger Somalia Yemen

8 Green Revolution Clusters 2-10% Burkina Faso Cambodia Chad El Salvador Gabon Guatemala Guinea Haiti Jamaica Libya Malawi Mozambique

9 Green Revolution Clusters 2-10% (Continued) Panama Senegal Swaziland Togo Uganda Zambia

10 Green Revolution Clusters 10-20% Bolivia Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo (Z) Cồte d’Ivoire Ethiopia Liberia Honduras Mauritius

11 Green Revolution Clusters 10-20% ( Continued) Mauritius Nicaragua Nigeria Rwanda Sudan Tanzania Uruguay Venezuela Zimbabwe

12 Progress On TRIPS  48 Poorest Countries  40 Are Members of WTO  Only 20 Have Functioning IPR Systems

13 International Technology Flows  OECD Countries(18) Austria to USA  Transition Economies(7) Bulgaria to Slovakia  Recently Industrialized Countries (RICs) (6) Spain to Portugal  Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs) (6) Argentina to Turkey

14 Invention Flows  OECD Countries Patent Heavily In Other OECD Economies In Other OECD Economies In Transition Economies In Transition Economies In Recently Industrialized Economies In Recently Industrialized Economies In Newly Industrialized Economies In Newly Industrialized Economies  Transition Economies Do Not Patent In other Transition Economies  RICs Do Not Patent in Other RICs  NICs Do Not Patent in Other NICs

15 OECD Patents in Other Blocks  3.3 Percent of OECD Origin Inventions Patented in Transition Economies 8,930 Patents 8,930 Patents  22.5 Percent of OECD Origin Inventions Patented in RICs 61,216 Patents 61,216 Patents  5.2 Percent of OECD Origin Inventions Patented in NICs 14,206 Patents 14,206 Patents

16 Patenting in OECD Countries as Percent of Origin Invention Transition Economies5.0 Percent RICs25.1 Percent NICs18.0 Percent