Women’s movement of the 1960s Chapter 23, Section 1

How does the women’s movement of the 1920s compare with the women’s movement of the 1960s?

1920s

Background Historically, women have been considered intellectually inferior to men. They were seen as major sources of temptation and evil. Women were also considered naturally weaker than men -Eisenberg, Bonnie, and Mary Ruthsdotter. "Living the Legacy: the Women's Rights Movement 1848 - 1998." Women's Rights Movement. 1998. 5 June 2007 <http://www.legacy98.org/move-hist.html>.

Flappers -"Flapper Culture & Style." The Jazz Age. 2001. 1 June 2007 <http://www.geocities.com/flapper_culture/>.

Flappers These women challenged traditional American values. Characteristics of a Flapper: Short, bobbed hair Short hems on their skirts Listened to Jazz music Wore makeup Drank hard liquor Smoked cigarettes Treating sex in a more casual manner Were opposed to the conventional social and sexual norms -"Flapper Culture & Style." The Jazz Age. 2001. 1 June 2007 <http://www.geocities.com/flapper_culture/>.

19th Amendment “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.” It was ratified on August 18th, 1920. Mount, Steve. "U.S Constitution- Amendment 19." The U.S. Constitution Online. 2007. 31 May 2007 <http://www.usconstitution.net/xconst_Am19.html>.

-Chapin. "Two's Company, Three's a Crowd. " Cartoon. Literary Digest -Chapin. "Two's Company, Three's a Crowd." Cartoon. Literary Digest. 6 June 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Two%27s_Company%2C_Three%27s_a_Crowd.jpg>.

1960s

Martin Luther King Jr. giving his "I Have A Dream“, 1963 Background The Women's Rights Movement of the 1960s was a second wave of activism. Drew inspiration from the civil rights movement Made up of members of the middle class Also caused by the sexual revolution of the 1960s Sparked by the development of the birth-control pill in 1960 -Eisenberg, Bonnie, and Mary Ruthsdotter. "Living the Legacy: the Women's Rights Movement 1848 - 1998." Women's Rights Movement. 1998. 5 June 2007 <http://www.legacy98.org/move-hist.html>. Martin Luther King Jr. giving his "I Have A Dream“, 1963

Women during WWII

The 1950s The Good Wife's Guide (5/13/55 Housekeeping Monthly) 1. Have dinner ready. Plan ahead, even the night before, to have a delicious meal ready, for his return. This is a way of letting him know that you have been thinking about him and are concerned about his needs. Most men are hungry when they come home and the prospect of a good meal (especially his favorite dish) is part of the warm welcome needed. 2. Prepare yourself. Take 15 minutes to rest so you’ll be refreshed when he arrives. Touch up your make-up, put a ribbon in your hair and be fresh looking. He has just been with a lot of work-weary people. -Eisenberg, Bonnie, and Mary Ruthsdotter. "Living the Legacy: the Women's Rights Movement 1848 - 1998." Women's Rights Movement. 1998. 5 June 2007 <http://www.legacy98.org/move-hist.html>.

1950s Good Wife’s Guide 3. Be a little gay and a little more interesting for him. His boring day may need a lift and one of your duties is to provide it. 4. Clear away the clutter. Make one last trip through the main part of the house just before your husband arrives. 5. Gather up schoolbooks, toys, paper etc. and then run a dust cloth over the tables. 6. Over the cooler months of the year you should prepare and light a fire for him to unwind by. Your husband will feel he has reached a haven of rest and order, and it will give you a lift too. After all, catering for his comfort will provide you with immense personal satisfaction. 7. Prepare the children. Take a few minutes to wash the children’s hands and faces (if they are small), comb their hair and, if necessary, change their clothes. They are little treasures and he would like to see them playing the part. Minimize all noise. At the time of his arrival, eliminate all noise of the washer, dryer or vacuum. Try to encourage the children to be quiet.

1950s Good Wife’s Guide 8. Be happy to see him. 9. Greet him with a warm smile and show sincerity in your desire to please him. 10. Listen to him. You may have a dozen important things to tell him, but the moment of his arrival is not the time. Let him talk first – remember, his topics of conversation are more important than yours. 11. Make the evening his. Never complain if he comes home late or goes out to dinner, or other places of entertainment without you. Instead, try to understand his world of strain and pressure and his very real need to be at home and relax. 13. Don’t greet him with complaints and problems. 16. Arrange his pillow and offer to take off his shoes. Speak in a low, soothing and pleasant voice. 17. Don’t ask him questions about his actions or question his judgment or integrity. Remember, he is the master of the house and as such will always exercise his will with fairness and truthfulness. You have no right to question him.

1950s Good Wife’s Guide 18. A good wife always knows her place.

Goals of Feminism Patriarchy Marriage & oppression Domestic Violence Sexual assault and domestic violence became central targets of women's activism Susan Brownmiller's book, Against Her Will, examines the history of rape Feminists work to create domestic violence shelters and rape crisis hotlines Reproductive Rights & control over one’s body -Eisenberg, Bonnie, and Mary Ruthsdotter. "Living the Legacy: the Women's Rights Movement 1848 - 1998." Women's Rights Movement. 1998. 5 June 2007 <http://www.legacy98.org/move-hist.html>.

Goals Education & College Admissions Equal Pay The Glass Ceiling Women Earning B.A. degrees 1950 – 25% 1970 – 43% Equal Pay Earning cents for each dollar that men earned 1963 – .59 1973 - .57 The Glass Ceiling -Eisenberg, Bonnie, and Mary Ruthsdotter. "Living the Legacy: the Women's Rights Movement 1848 - 1998." Women's Rights Movement. 1998. 5 June 2007 <http://www.legacy98.org/move-hist.html>.

Betty Friedan Wrote the book, Feminine Mystique in 1963. In her book, she depicted the roles of women in industrial societies. She focused most of her attention on the housewife role of women. She referred to the problem of gender roles as "the problem without a name". -"Betty Friedan." Women of the Hall. 1993. National Women's Hall of Fame. 4 June 2007 <http://www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=62>. -Bachir, John J. Betty Friedan. 2006. JJB Blog. 4 June 2007 <http://blog.johnjosephbachir.org/tag/freedom>. Feb. 4th, 1921- Feb. 4th, 2006

The problem that has no name–which is simply the fact that American women are kept from growing to their full human capacities–is taking a far greater toll on the physical and mental health of our country than any known disease. -- Betty Friedan -Bachir, John J. Betty Friedan. 2006. JJB Blog. 4 June 2007 <http://blog.johnjosephbachir.org/tag/freedom>.

National Organization for Women (NOW) Founded in 1966. Founded by a group of people, including Betty Friedan, and Rev. Pauli Murray. The first African-American woman Episcopal priest. Betty Friedan became the organization's first president. -"NOW." National Organization for Women. 4 June 2007 <http://www.now.org/>.

NOW (con’t.) The goal of NOW is to bring about equality for all women. They campaigned to gain passage of the ERA amendment at the state level. Issues NOW deals with: works to eliminate discrimination and harassment in the workplace, schools, and the justice system. secure abortion, birth control and reproductive rights for all women end all forms of violence against women eradicate racism, sexism and homophobia promote equality and justice in society. -"NOW." National Organization for Women. 4 June 2007 <http://www.now.org/>.

Shirley Chisholm -"Chisholm, Shirley Anita." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. 2005. 7 June 2007 <http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000371>. November 30, 1924 to January 1, 2005 In 1968 Shirley Chisholm of New York was the first black woman elected to the House of Representatives.

First national Commission on the Status of Women President Kennedy established the first national Commission on the Status of Women in 1961. In 1963 the commission issued a report detailing employment discrimination, unequal pay, legal inequality, and insufficient support services for working women. -"Women’S Rights." Encarta. 2007. MSN. 1 June 2007 <http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574034_2/Women’s_Rights.html>.

Equal Pay Act 1963 It is the first federal law prohibiting sexual discrimination. In 1963 the average female worker’s wages in the United States were equivalent to 58.9 % of the average male worker’s earnings. It abolished wage differences based on sex. “No employer having employees subject to any provisions of this section [section 206 of title 29 of the United States Code] shall discriminate, within any establishment in which such employees are employed, between employees on the basis of sex by paying wages to employees in such establishment at a rate less than the rate at which he pays wages to employees of the opposite sex in such establishment for equal work on jobs…” -- Equal Pay Act -"The Equal Pay Act of 1963." Essortment. 2002. 5 June 2007 <http://nc.essortment.com/equalpayact_rvwx.htm>.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Passed in 1964. It banned discrimination on the basis of color, race, national origin, religion, or sex. Section VII set up the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce the act. -"1960s." Women of the Century. 2006. Discovery Channel. 1 June 2007 <http://school.discovery.com/schooladventures/womenofthecentury/decadebydecade/1960s.html>.

Presidential Executive Order 11246 It was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 24th, 1965 It prohibited bias against women in hiring by federal government contractors. “…Prohibits federal contractors and federally assisted construction contractors and subcontractors, who do over $10,000 in Government business in one year from discriminating in employment decisions on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin." -Eisenberg, Bonnie, and Mary Ruthsdotter. "Living the Legacy: the Women's Rights Movement 1848 - 1998." Women's Rights Movement. 1998. 5 June 2007 <http://www.legacy98.org/move-hist.html>.

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Estelle Griswold was the executive director of Planned Parenthood League. The case involved a Connecticut law that prohibited the use of contraceptives. Ruled that the Constitution protected a right to privacy. Found that Connecticut should allow married couples to use birth control. -Griswold V. Connecticut. Warren Court. 7 June 1965. 7 June 2007 <http://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1964/1964_496/>. Chief Justice Earl Warren (top), Estelle Griswold (right)

Roe v. Wade (1973) “Jane Roe” was a young women seeking to medically end a pregnancy The case involved a Connecticut law that prohibited abortions. Ruled that the Constitution protected a right to privacy. Struck down state regulations of abortion in the first trimester. Still allowed states to place some restrictions. -Griswold V. Connecticut. Warren Court. 7 June 1965. 7 June 2007 <http://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1964/1964_496/>. Chief Justice Warren E. Burger (top), "Jane Roe" aka Norma McCorvey (right)

Opposition to the Movement Why were some women opposed to the goals of the Women’s Liberation Movement? Phyllis Schlafly August 15, 1924 -Griswold V. Connecticut. Warren Court. 7 June 1965. 7 June 2007 <http://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1964/1964_496/>.