The South’s Peculiar Institution John Sacher University of Central Florida

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Presentation transcript:

The South’s Peculiar Institution John Sacher University of Central Florida

How do we define the South?

Where did slaves live?

Slave Population—1860 SlavesTotal PopulationSlave % Virginia 490,865 1,596,318 31% Georgia 462,198 1,057,28644% Mississippi436, ,305 55% Alabama 435, ,20145% South Carolina 402, ,70857% Louisiana331, ,00247% North Carolina 331, ,62233% Tennessee275,7191,109,80125% Kentucky225,4831,155,68420% Texas182, ,21530% Missouri 114,9311,182,01210% Arkansas111, ,45026% Maryland 87, ,04913% Florida 61, ,42444% Delaware 1, ,216 2%

Slave Population—1860 SlavesTotal PopulationSlave % South Carolina 402, ,70857% Mississippi436, ,305 55% Louisiana331, ,00247% Alabama 435, ,20145% Georgia 462,198 1,057,28644% Florida 61, ,42444% North Carolina 331, ,62233% Virginia 490,865 1,596,318 31% Texas182, ,21530% Arkansas 111, ,45026% Tennessee275,7191,109,80125% Kentucky225,4831,155,68420% Maryland 87, ,04913% Missouri 114,9311,182,01210% Delaware 1, ,216 2%

Some Figures: In 1860, in the slave states, there were 8 million whites who owned 4 million slaves. In 1860, in the slave states, there were 8 million whites who owned 4 million slaves. The number of slaveholders in 1860— approx. 387,000 The number of slaveholders in 1860— approx. 387,000 In other words, only approximately 5% of all whites owned slaves. In other words, only approximately 5% of all whites owned slaves. Wait a second, only 5% of all whites living in slave states owned slaves, that doesn’t sound right…. Wait a second, only 5% of all whites living in slave states owned slaves, that doesn’t sound right….

How many families owned slaves? (1860) STATE:SLAVEHOLDERS TOTAL FAMILIES PCT MISSISSIPPI SOUTH CAROLINA GEORGIA ALABAMA FLORIDA LOUISIANA TEXAS NORTH CAROLINA VIRGINIA TENNESSEE ARKANSAS Total

How Many People Owned Slaves?

How Many Slaves Did They Own?

Slave Owning—1860 Number of SlavesPercent of Owners >100.6% >100.6% % % % % % % % %

Cotton 4.5 million bales (1860)

Cotton Gin

Slave Crops

Strikingly Similar...

Size of Southern Crops Tobacco million lbs. Tobacco million lbs million lbs million lbs. Rice million lbs. Rice million lbs million lbs million lbs. Sugar 1849 $60 million Sugar 1849 $60 million 1859 $180 million 1859 $180 million Cotton 2.5 million bales to 4.5 million bales Cotton 2.5 million bales to 4.5 million bales

PLANTATION ORGANIZATION A. Gang System Owner—Planter (owns 20+ slaves) Owner—Planter (owns 20+ slaves) Overseer—Day-to-day authority figure Overseer—Day-to-day authority figure Driver—Slave Foreman Driver—Slave Foreman Field Hands—Men and women Field Hands—Men and women B. Task System

Task System

Plantation Layout

Where did slaves work? They worked in... Cotton 55 percent Cotton 55 percent Tobacco 10 percent Tobacco 10 percent Sugar/rice/hemp 10 percent Sugar/rice/hemp 10 percent Servant positions 15 percent Servant positions 15 percent Trades/industry 10 percent Trades/industry 10 percent

Tredegar Iron Works

Slave Codes

The Whip

The Bible and Slavery

Josiah Nott, Types of Mankind

Good Society Argument

Slave Prices

The Second Middle Passage

Slave Coffle

Mary Chesnut South Carolina Plantation Mistress “Every lady tells you who is the father of all the mulatto children in everybody's household, but those in her own she seems to think drop from the clouds, or pretends so to think." “Every lady tells you who is the father of all the mulatto children in everybody's household, but those in her own she seems to think drop from the clouds, or pretends so to think."