Chapter 4 – Official and Countervailing Powers LMAC Mr. Wilson

1534 Arrival of Jacques Cartier Beginning of the French Regime? Champlain’s founding of Quebec Rights from the French King to do business in the fur trade. These companies paid a “Governor” who was in control.

What happened in 1663? New France became a Royal Province. Why? Because the King wanted a piece of the action. The King removed the companies from administration & replaced them with The Royal Government.

Known as: the Royal Government

The Royal Government established in 1663 Inspired by administrative system in France Part of the French regime’s absolute monarchy

King Louis XIV Minister of the Marine Governor General Intendant Captains of the Militia Citizens Bishop Sovereign Council

What was the Sovereign Council? Highest court in New France Certain legislative and executive power Composed of Governor General, Intendant, Bishop, and a few councilors

What did the Sovereign Council do? Registered royal edicts (orders) and put them into effect Listened to appeals (attempt to overturn a decision) on legal decisions from the lower courts They also issued statutes (laws) E.g. 1685: Protestant sects were outlawed!

King Louis XIV Minister of the Marine Governor General Intendant Captains of the Militia Citizens Bishop Sovereign Council

Who was the Bishop? Responsibilities: religious affairs (education, hospitals) Because he was on the Sovereign Council…

King Louis XIV Minister of the Marine Governor General Intendant Captains of the Militia Citizens Bishop Sovereign Council

Who was the Governor General? Represented the king of France in New France Responsibilities: Military Foreign relations He reported back to and advised France on important colonial matters

King Louis XIV Minister of the Marine Governor General Intendant Captains of the Militia Citizens Bishop Sovereign Council

Who was the Intendant? Responsibilities: Justice Internal affairs Finances (money!) Most important person in the colony because he controlled the CASH

What kinds of problems would exist in this sort of system? Organization led to power struggles between the Governor and the Intendant

The Governor General could establish treaties with the Intendant’s agreement But, sometimes the Governor could overturn the decisions of the Intendant if he got permission from the King. Ex: Governor Frontenac vs. Intendant Duchesneau

But… The Intendant managed the budget which included military spending Conclusion? Because the Intendant controlled money, he had a lot of power over the Governor General

King Louis XIV Minister of the Marine Governor General Intendant Captains of the Militia Citizens Bishop Sovereign Council

Who were the Captains of the Militia? They were named by the Governor General Responsibilities: military training in defence of the colony informing the population of the Intendant’s decisions, the King’s edicts, and the statutes of the Sovereign Council

Why did the Bishop have so much Power? He was on the Sovereign Council He had pledged his Allegiance to the King He controlled the tithe He nominated priests and missionaries He could talk directly to the King He controlled all education in the province

1694 The Pope expanded the position of the Bishop to an ARCHBISHOP Why? Population was growing – gave him even more influence.

“Your majesty, I, François de Laval, first Bishop of Québec in New France, swear in the name of God, and promise your Majesty that I will serve him as long as I live, your faithful subject and humble servant[...].” -François de Laval, 1674.

Francois de Laval and his campaign against the Eau-de-Vie?

In the 18 th century, the political power of the Catholic Church diminished when they no longer had a seat on the Sovereign Council. The state that had the power to set the amount of the tithe Authority the formation of new parishes and new religious communities But…still had influence over the education system

17 th century: The French vs. The Amerindians Their relationship included alliances and conflicts linked to the fur trade. The First Nations provided furs to the French. In return, the French gave gifts to the Indians. This type of trade is known as bartering.

Trade – the backbone of the Province the Governor General had to work as a diplomat and a strategist. Diplomat = Negotiator for peace Strategist = Military coordinator Negotiations with the Amerindians often concluded with the exchange of prisoners.

Problems? E.G.: the conflict between the Iroquois, the Huron and the Algonquians. Bad for Trade Threatened the lives of the colonists Led to the building of forts, e.g. Quebec and Ville-Marie.

The Great Peace of Montreal, 1701

The Governor, Louis Hector Calliere, organized an important meeting with the Iroquois to negotiate lasting peace. It put an end to the Franco-Iroquois wars.

August 4, different Amerindian Nations were present and 1300 people were in attendance. End result: The French recognized the Iroquois’ right to trade and the Iroquois vowed to stay neutral between the French and the British.

Excerpt from a speech by Governor General Louis Hector de Callières in front of 1300 Iroquois representatives: "I hereby ratify the peace that we have made today[…] hoping that we never speak again of the troubles endured during the war, and for this reason, I have seized all of your axes and your other instruments of war, that I will place with mine in a hole so deep that no one will ever be able to use them again to ruin the tranquility that I have reestablished amongst you, my children […]. […] I attach my word of honor to the necklaces I give to each of your nations so that your elder may pass this lesson along to their young members. Now, I invite you all to smoke this peace pipe that I will now light […].

a) What event is taking place while de Callière is speaking? What year is it? b) What clue indicated de Callière's desire to recognize Amerindian customs?

Who called the shots? The Mother Country (France) Who had the final say? The King of France France’s main interest in the colony?

E.G. [Exempli Gratia] regarding the colony Jean-Talon and the King had different ideas regarding the colony. Jean-Talon wanted to populate New France & develop its economy But the King did not allow it!

E.G. #2 Even though the Governor was responsible for foreign relations, the King had the final say on peace and war. That’s why after years of fighting and economic tension with the British – the territories in New France were given away in the Treaty of Paris for peace.

What happened in 1763? Treaty of Paris = The start of the British Regime Power relationships in Canada were dramatically changed: The French Royal Government was eliminated The Catholic Church suddenly had less influence A new British administration was put into place

In the colony of New France – what changed in 1663? Royal Government!

Who made up the Sovereign Council? Governor General Intendant Bishop

True or False: One of Bishop François de Laval’s responsibilities was to manage the budget. He enforced the tithe and nominated priests & missionaries

The main reason why France was interested in the colony (New France) was because it gave them: A) Fish B) Diamonds and gold C) Money D) Chickens

The Great _______of Montreal in _____ recognized the Iroquois’ right to ______ and the Iroquois vowed to stay _______ between the French and the British. Peace 1701 trade neutral

1. Fill out the organization of the Royal Government (1 pt – must get everything correct to get a mark) _______________ ________________ _________________ _______ _________

2. What is the difference between the roles and responsibilities of the Governor General now and during the French Regime. Give examples. 3. Who was Francois de Laval and what were his responsibilities in the Sovereign Council?

4. Describe the event that is taking place in the following image and its significance (why was it important).

(it could happen)