Chapter 15 Test Review

1. Fossils

Who Was Charles Darwin? While on his voyage around the world aboard the ____________, Charles Darwin spent about one month observing life on the ________________. There, he encountered some unique animals, such as ______ and ________. Galápagos Islands H.M.S. Beagle finchestortoises

GALAPAGOS FINCHES The _____ of Galapagos finches have ______ to eating a _____ of _____. beaks adapted varietyfoods

VOCAB Any ___________________ that increases an organism’s ______________ = _____________ ADAPTATION inherited characteristic chance of survival

Suddenly Darwin had incentive to publish the results of his work! In 1859 ____________________ presented _______ and proposed a ________ for evolution that he called __________________ On the Origin of Species evidence mechanism NATURAL SELECTION

1. overpopulation 2. variation 3. struggle to survive 4. Survival of the Fittest

WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? _________________ is found naturally in all populations GENETIC VARIATION

WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? ______________________ means that members of each species must ________ for food, space, and other __________. STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE COMPETE RESOURCES

WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? Some organisms in a ________ are ________ to survive. population less likely

WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? _____________________ organisms which are better adapted to the environment will ______ and ________, passing on their _____. SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST survive reproducegenes

WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? ______________________ means that members of each species must ________ for food, space, and other __________. STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE COMPETE RESOURCES

Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: _____________________ He observed that babies were being born faster than people were dying. He reasoned that if the human population continued to grow, sooner or later there would be _______________________ Thomas Malthus (1798) insufficient space & food

Evidence for Evolution 1. DNA 2. Embryology 3. Comparative Anatomy (vesitgial, homologous, analogous) 4. Fossil Record

Fossil Record Transitional fossils

Comparative Anatomy Homologous

Analogous

Vestigial

Comparative Embryology

Image from: BIOLOGY AP EDITION by Campbell and Reece; Prentice Hall Publishing© _______________ Similarities in ____ and ________ sequences suggest relatedness Similarities in DNA PROTEIN DNA

Whales and sharks have a _____ body design even though they are very _______ organisms (one is a fish; the other, a mammal) because they have _________________ to living in a _____ environment. = CONVERGENT EVOLUTION similar different independently adapted similar

Whales are closely related to wolves, but don’t look or act much like them = divergent evolution Whales are distantly related to sharks, but look and act more like them = convergent evolution Conclusion: The pressure of the environment drives evolution

Figure 15–14 Geographic Distribution of Living Species Section 15-3 Beaver NORTH AMERICA Muskrat Capybara SOUTH AMERICA Coypu Beaver Muskrat Beaver and Muskrat Coypu Capybara Coypu and Capybara Beaver and capybara are ______________ _______ living in very ________ environments, while beaver and musk-rat are _______________ _______ living in a ______ environment. Differences between beaver and capybara show _________ evolution, while similarities between beaver and muskrat show __________ evolution. Differences between _____________ muskrat and coypu show _________ evolution, while similarities between ______________ capybara and coypu show ___________ evolution. closely-related species different distantly-related species similar divergent convergent closely-related divergent distantly-related convergent

Patterns of Evolution Divergent

Convergent

Coevolution

Biogeography

Most of the 140 species of marsupials in Australia are found nowhere else in the world.140 species of marsupials in Australia

Worldwide Distribution of the Order Marsupiala Common Names Scientific Name No. Gene ra No. Speci es Distribution OppossumsDidelphidae1270Americas Marsupial Mice, Marsupial Cats, Tasmanian Devil Dasyuridae1450Australasia Tasmanian WolfThylacinidae11Tasmania Numbats/Banded Anteaters Myrmecobiid ae 11Australia BandicootsPeramelidae818Australasia Shrew Oppossums Caenolestida e 37South America Possums, Cuscuses, Gledero, Ringtails Phalangerida e 1340Australasia Noolkanger or Honey PossumTarsipedidae11Australia Koalas Phoscolaratid ae 11Australia WombatsVombatidae24Australia Kangaroo/Wallabies, Potoroos, Rat Kangaroos Macrophodid ae 1547Australasia

Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: In 1833 ___________ explains that the geological processes still ___________ have shaped Earth’s features over ________________ Charles Lyell occurring now long periods of time

Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: ___________________________ was one of first scientists to recognize living things _______________ and that all species were ________ from other species. Lamarck published his hypothesis of ________________________ the year Darwin was born. changed over time Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1809) descended Inheritance of Acquired traits

The male fiddler crab uses its front claw to _________mates and fight off _____________. Through _________ use, the front claw becomes ________. The fiddler passes on this __________ characteristic to its offspring attract predators larger repeated acquired

What’s wrong with Lamarck’s hypothesis? Lamarck didn’t know about genes and how traits are _______. If you lifted weights your whole young adult life, and then you had children, would your kids be more muscular? inherited NO! ________ traits can ____ be __________ to their offspring. ACQUIRED NOT PASSED ON