Patterns of Industrialization Industrialization – The transformation of agrarian and handcraft industries into reorganized and mechanized systems of production. New technology was the key By the end of the nineteenth century factories were the dominant mode of production in Europe, the United States, and Japan.

Patterns of Industrialization Foundations of Industrialization As populations began moving from rural to urban areas, Great Britain became the center of industrialization. Raw materials for the emerging textile industry came from America. Textile mills – First mechanized industry New technological inventions increased the speed of spinning and weaving cotton cloth. Industrialization in the textile industry produced huge increases in the availability of cheap cotton cloth while providing thousands of jobs. By the 1830s the textile industry was the leading business in Britain and accounted for 40 percent of its exports.

Patterns of Industrialization Foundations of Industrialization Eventually, cheap textile production depended on the steam engine – invented by Scottish engineer James Watt in In 1815, George Stephenson successfully tested the first steam locomotive. Eventually (by the mid 1850s) the steam engine was used to power ocean liners. Therefore, the steam engine, originally used in textile mills, transformed the transportation industry as well, making it much cheaper for both people and goods to travel from place to place.

Patterns of Industrialization The Factory System By the mid-nineteenth century, the factory system had replaced the putting out system as the major mode of production in Industrialized economies. Factors such as rural overpopulation, declining job opportunities, and increased financial difficulties for small farmers provided an abundant labor force in cities. Working conditions became worse as industry grew.

Patterns of Industrialization The Early Spread of Industrialization At first, the English government attempted to protect its new industry by forbidding the export of any machines, plans, or workers. By the mid-nineteenth century, the U.S., Belgium, France, and Germany were industrialized and improving methods. U.S. became industrial giant by 1900 because of vast natural resources, and high immigrant populations. Industrial booms were accompanied by transportation booms as well especially in railroads and steam-ship lines.

Patterns of Industrialization Industrial Capitalism After the textile industry flourished, other industries began to mass-produce standardized articles. As industry evolved so did business models Investors Corporations Investment banks and brokerage firms Monopolies Vertical vs. Horizontal integration Key Players: Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin Henry Ford – Assembly Line John D. Rockefeller – Oil in the U.S.

Industrial Society Benefits of industrialization included cheap manufactured goods, an increased standard of living, and population growth. Regional and global migrations occurred. New social classes developed Middle Class – Managers Lower Class - Workers Families and work habits changed Socialists formed to build a more equitable and just society.

Industrial Society The Fruits of Industry Industry produced affordable goods for consumers of all classes. Populations of Europeans and Euro-Americans rose sharply during the Industrial age Due to better nutrition and improved disease control, more children of the industrial age survived to adulthood. When children lived to be older the cost of raising them increased and eventually families in industrialized societies began choosing to have fewer children.

Industrial Society Urbanization and Migration As rural workers searched for jobs, they clustered in cities with factories, and, as a result, city in urban areas grew dramatically. Over population and poor sanitation created horrific living conditions in some cities, which led to widespread disease and crime. Forced governments to address sanitation and crime (Police and sewers) Migrations Millions of Europeans engaged in transcontinental migrations in search of work and better lives in America

Industrial Society Industry and Society Social Classes Changed Emergence and growth of the middle and working classes Family changed Men went to work in industrial factories while many women were forced to stay at home and complete domestic chores Working class children hired to work in factories Abuse and overwork were frequent Some governments (like Britain in the 1840s) began passing child labor laws in response to the abuses – England began passing mandatory school attendance laws and other countries began to follow suit

Industrial Society The Socialist Challenge Among the most vocal critics of the abusive labor situations in factories were the socialists. They identified economic inequity as the primary problem in capitalism and condemned the working conditions for women and children. Freidrich Engels and Karl Marx Said that social problems were a direct result of capitalism and there were only two social classes; the producers (proletariet) and the capitalists (the bourgeoisie). Two classes were destined to struggle against one another. Aligned themselves with the communists who advocated the abolition of private property

Industrial Society Socialist Challenges Governments throughout the industrialized societies attempted to calm the socialists by expanding voting rights to more of the population. Trade Unions Although considered illegal by most factory owners and governments trade unions formed to work for better wages and working conditions Strikes were their best and most effective weapon.

Global Effects of Industrialization While early industrialization had occurred in Europe and North America, later in the century the Russian and Japanese governments worked actively to change their economies. The use of raw materials in industry quickly forced the globalization of industrialization as early sources were depleted. Industrialize countries often controlled the countries that had natural resources by buying their raw materials cheaply and returning manufactured goods to those countries. By 1900, Japan and Russia were both full-fledged members of industrialized societies.

Global Effects of Industrialization The International Division of Labor Beyond the countries that had mechanized early or with government support, industrialization was spotty. Two types of national economies developed Europe and regions that had been settled by Europeans industrialized relatively quickly and became successful. Russia and Japan had industrial success as well Most of the rest of the world grew dependent upon demand from industrial nations and failed to industrialize themselves. Dependent Economies – Foreigners owned the businesses while foreign governments controlled the policies. Native workers paid low wages and the result was that wealth became concentrated in a small group with lack of economic opportunity for others. World’s economies became solidly linked together as a result.