China, 1921-Present World History Libertyville High School

Foundation of Party Formed in 1921 with help from Soviet Union Part of Soviet effort to make communist revolution international Eventually, Soviets and Chinese communists split in their beliefs, ideologies

Chinese Civil War, Chinese Nationalists (KMT), under Chiang Kai-Shek vs. Chinese Communists, under Mao Tse-Tung KMT supported by West, Communists by Soviets KMT winning in 1920s, 1930s

Chinese Civil War “The Long March” ( ) – Series of Communist retreats covering 8000 miles in 370 days – During March, Mao reorganized Party, setting self as leader – Reached safety in mnts near Soviet border

Japanese Invasion, Civil war interrupted by Japanese invasion, in 1937 – United both sides against Japanese KMT retreated to mountains – Saved strength, but morale and prestige hurt Communists fought as guerillas vs. Japanese – Won over peasants

End of Civil War Civil war resumed after Japanese defeated Communists have smaller army, BUT… – Better soldiers – Peasants on their side KMT demoralized, lost war – Retreated to Taiwan, an offshore island Even today, Communist China claims Taiwan as breakaway province

“The Great Leap Forward” ( ) Forced collectivization of agricultural sector ( ) – Peasants forced into communes – Private ownership of land eliminated – Done prior to industrialization, so peasants not mechanized Industrialization at local level ( ) – “Backyard” furnaces for steel production (melt down old products to make steel - impossible) – Quietly abandoned in 1960s

“The Great Leap Forward” ( ) Social Changes, – Religious worship and opium made illegal – Religion replaced by political meetings and propaganda – Coercion, violence common Results – million dead (mainly starvation) – Steel production FELL – Mao discredited for 5-6 years

“The Cultural Revolution” ( ) Official goal was to enforce socialism by eliminating capitalist, traditional and cultural elements from society – Struggle for power between Mao, other communist leaders – Became an anti-intellectual purge of Chinese society “Red Guards” – Mao’s followers, mainly students – Mao ordered them to overthrow the party establishment and replace them with Revolutionary Committees – Much violence ensued in power struggle

“The Cultural Revolution” Social changes: “Abolishing the Four Olds” – Old Customs, Old Culture, Old Habits, Old Ideas – Red Guards destroyed old buildings, religious shrines, temples, mosques – Education stopped b/c teachers were sent to labor camps – Anyone with skills above a peasant was considered in need of “revolutionary re- education”

“The Cultural Revolution” Consequences – Generation of illiteracy – Establishment of “Cult of Personality” of Mao – 36 million Chinese persecuted, “re-educated” – 500,000 killed – Ended with death of Mao in 1976 – Today, regarded as a negative event in Chinese history

Western Economic Ideas, 1982-Present With death of Mao in 1976, succession struggle ensued – Deng Xiaoping won Created “Special Economic Zones” – Few state regulations in areas, to encourage foreign investment – Essentially allowed capitalism in these zones – Experimented with limited political freedoms as well

Western Economic Ideas, 1982-Present Results – GDP has grown 1000% since 1978 – China’s GDP is second only to USA – World’s #1 exporter – BUT GDP per capita of $8400 is below international avg. – About 51% Chinese live in cities, in 2011 SEE CIA World FactbookCIA World Factbook

Tiananmen Square (4/89 to 6/4/89) Hundreds of thousands of college students & democratic reformers gathered in Beijing Protests centered on… – Human rights violations – Lack of freedom in China – Demands for political liberalization

Tiananmen Square Government’s response – Attempted to rally support of people to its side (failed) – Next came threats against protesters – Purge within ruling committee Leaders sympathetic to protesters ousted – Troops sent in to crush protests Nationwide crackdown on liberalization followed

Challenges Facing China Demographics – From , population increased from 694 to 1,008 million “One Child Policy” implemented in 1979 – About 36% of pop. subject to strict 1 child policy (urban) – About 53% allowed 2 nd child if 1 st is a girl – About 10% allowed 2 kids – Tibetans, Hong Kong have no limits

Challenges - Demographics Consequences – From 1979 to 2011, about 400 million births prevented – “Prevention” includes use of contraceptives, enforced abortion, female infanticide, offering girls for adoption – Too many Chinese males (117:100 in 2000) – Too few young Chinese to support aging population