1750 – 1914 Overview (Periodization Question: Why 1750 –1914?)

Changes in Global Commerce, Communication and Technology Patterns of World Trade –Who, where, what, how in 1750? –What will and won’t change by 1914?

Changes in Global Commerce, Communication and Technology Modes of Transportation/ communication –Impact of railroad, steam, telegraph –Suez Canal, Panama Canal

Suez Canal Suez canal opened in 1869

Changes in Global Commerce, Communication and Technology Industrial Revolution –Origins of I.R. – where, what and when –Rationale of capitalism – Adam Smith –Impact of I.R. on time, family, work, labor –Relationship of nations during I.R. –Intellectual responses to I.R. – Marxism, socialism

Karl Marx German economist and philosopher Pointed out that factory workers were being exploited by capitalism (flaw in the system) Communist Manifesto 1848 Working class would eventually revolt and take over means of production Instruments of power which support the rich wouldn’t be needed  socialism

Fatcat Miner Power loom Milltown Streetchildren

Reforms Limit hours No women & children Safer and cleaner Labor unions—strikes, boycotts, picket Slave trade is abolished Women’s suffrage movement

Demographic and Environmental Changes Migration – Immigration –Why? –Where?

Demographic and Environmental Changes End of Atlantic Slave Trade New Birthrate Patterns Disease prevention and eradication Food Supply

Changes in Social and Gender Structure Industrial Revolution Commercial developments Tension between work patterns and ideas about gender Emancipation of Serfs and Slaves

Changes in Social and Gender Structure Women’s emancipation movements

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Latin American Independence Movements Why? Simon Bolivar

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Revolutions –Why Revolution now? –Where? United States (1776) France (1789) Haiti (1803) Mexico (1910) China (1911)

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Haitian Revolution Toussaint L’Ouverture

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Mexican Revolution

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Chinese Revolution Dr. Sun Yat Sen Manchus

New Political Ideas Rise of Nationalism Growth of Nation-states/ empires

New Political Ideas Movements of Political Reform –Jacobins in France –Taiping Rebellion in China

New Political Ideas Rise of Democracy and its limitations –Reform –Women –Racism –Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer

Rise of Western Dominance Patterns of Expansion Imperialism and Colonialism –Stealing is cheaper than dealing –White Man’s Burden –African continent, much of Asia, and Oceania Ethiopia and Siam Hawaii and New Zealand

Rise of Western Dominance Scramble for Africa

Rise of Western Dominance Economic, Political, Social, Cultural, & Artistic

Rise of Western Dominance Cultural and Political Reactions to western dominance (reform, resistance, rebellion, racism, nationalism) –Japan– Commodore Perry and Meiji Restoration –Russia– Reforms and Rebellions –Siam and Ethiopia-- defensive modernization –China--Boxer Rebellion –Islamic and Chinese responses compared Impact of Changing European Ideologies on Colonial Administrations

European Imperialism of India Mughals—Hindus & Muslims fighting British East India Company Sepoy Mutiny 1858 British government took control –Exiled Buhadur Shah II –Queen Victoria known as Empress of India Upper castes became Anglicized 1885 Indian National Congress began the path to independence

Rise of Western Dominance –Japan– Commodore Perry and Meiji Restoration Westernization Emerged as a world power Mandatory military service

Rise of Western Dominance –Opium Wars Treaty of Nanjing—expand trade in China Took Hong King Allow Christian missionaries back in –China—Boxer Rebellion Organized rebellion b/c of Manchu losses Anti-everyone Unsuccessful and had to pay reparations

Comparisons Industrial revolution in western Europe and Japan (causes and early phases) Revolutions (American, French, Haitian, Mexican, and Chinese) Reaction to foreign domination in Ottomans empire, China, India and Japan.

Ottomans- 19 th century Young Turk Revolutionaries The Last Sultans

Comparisons Nationalism Forms of intervention in 19 th century Latin America and Africa Roles and conditions of upper/ middle versus working/ peasant class women in western Europe

Comparisons Scientific & Industrial Revolution –Knowledge spread –Improvements were made across cultures and time Social Class Structures during Industrialism v previous time periods –Earlier the wealthy class was small and poorest classes were huge –Urbanization brought people together to notice the differences in class –Saw that your class could change and was not inherited

European women 19 th century British family in India Queen Victoria’s family Russian peasant family